Merge branch 'master' into jingwen

.gitignore

@@ -14,3 +14,7 @@ app/.idea/
 .externalNativeBuild
 .cxx
 local.properties
+/.idea
+
+gradle\wrapper\gradle-wrapper.properties
+gradle\libs.versions.toml

app/src/androidTest/java/com/example/jnicpp/bowling/FrameExtractTest.kt

@@ -0,0 +1,73 @@
+package com.example.jnicpp.bowling
+
+import android.graphics.Bitmap
+import android.media.MediaMetadataRetriever
+import android.provider.MediaStore
+import androidx.test.ext.junit.runners.AndroidJUnit4
+import androidx.test.platform.app.InstrumentationRegistry
+import org.junit.Assert.assertNotNull
+import org.junit.Test
+import org.junit.runner.RunWith
+import java.io.File
+import java.io.FileOutputStream
+
+/**
+ * Diagnostic tool: extracts specific frames from a recorded video at given
+ * millisecond offsets, saving each as a PNG for visual inspection. Used to
+ * spot-check whether a confirmed step timestamp from a debug trace
+ * corresponds to real foot motion in the recorded video's baked-in
+ * skeleton overlay, or to a bowler standing still.
+ *
+ * Reads the video by querying its MediaStore content Uri (by display
+ * name) rather than copying it into app-external storage first --
+ * `connectedAndroidTest` reinstalls the app package before every run,
+ * which wipes app-external storage each time, but the video's own
+ * MediaStore entry (it was saved into the public Movies/bowling
+ * collection by CameraXController.startRecording) is untouched by that.
+ */
+@RunWith(AndroidJUnit4::class)
+class FrameExtractTest {
+
+    @Test
+    fun extractFrames() {
+        val context = InstrumentationRegistry.getInstrumentation().targetContext
+        val displayName = "bowling_20260907_183828.mp4"
+
+        val uri = MediaStore.Video.Media.EXTERNAL_CONTENT_URI
+        val projection = arrayOf(MediaStore.Video.Media._ID, MediaStore.Video.Media.DISPLAY_NAME)
+        var videoUri: android.net.Uri? = null
+        var totalRows = 0
+        val names = StringBuilder()
+        context.contentResolver.query(uri, projection, null, null, null)?.use { cursor ->
+            while (cursor.moveToNext()) {
+                totalRows++
+                val name = cursor.getString(cursor.getColumnIndexOrThrow(MediaStore.Video.Media.DISPLAY_NAME))
+                if (totalRows <= 5) names.append(name).append("; ")
+                if (name == displayName) {
+                    val id = cursor.getLong(cursor.getColumnIndexOrThrow(MediaStore.Video.Media._ID))
+                    videoUri = android.content.ContentUris.withAppendedId(uri, id)
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        assertNotNull("video '$displayName' not found in MediaStore (saw $totalRows rows, e.g.: $names)", videoUri)
+
+        val outDir = context.getExternalFilesDir(null)!!.resolve("frames").apply { mkdirs() }
+
+        // Millisecond offsets into the video to extract, set per-investigation.
+        val offsetsMs = listOf(59526L, 65668L, 102581L, 135492L, 7288L, 8657L)
+
+        val retriever = MediaMetadataRetriever()
+        retriever.setDataSource(context, videoUri)
+
+        for (offsetMs in offsetsMs) {
+            val bitmap: Bitmap? = retriever.getFrameAtTime(offsetMs * 1000, MediaMetadataRetriever.OPTION_CLOSEST)
+            if (bitmap != null) {
+                val file = File(outDir, "frame_${offsetMs}.png")
+                FileOutputStream(file).use { out ->
+                    bitmap.compress(Bitmap.CompressFormat.PNG, 90, out)
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        retriever.release()
+    }
+}

app/src/androidTest/java/com/example/jnicpp/bowling/VideoStepReplayTest.kt

@@ -0,0 +1,78 @@
+package com.example.jnicpp.bowling
+
+import android.media.MediaMetadataRetriever
+import androidx.test.ext.junit.runners.AndroidJUnit4
+import androidx.test.platform.app.InstrumentationRegistry
+import com.google.android.gms.tasks.Tasks
+import com.google.mlkit.vision.common.InputImage
+import com.google.mlkit.vision.pose.PoseDetection
+import com.google.mlkit.vision.pose.accurate.AccuratePoseDetectorOptions
+import org.junit.Test
+import org.junit.runner.RunWith
+
+/**
+ * Replays a pre-recorded reference video through the exact same
+ * detection/smoothing/step-counting pipeline the live camera screen uses
+ * (PoseAnalyzer's detector config -> PoseLandmarkSmoother ->
+ * AnkleHipMovingAverageFilter -> buildPoseFrame -> LiveStepDetector), so the
+ * algorithm can be validated against a video with a known, hand-counted
+ * step count without needing a live device recording session each time.
+ *
+ * Not run as part of the normal test suite -- this is a diagnostic tool,
+ * invoked directly via `connectedAndroidTest` with a specific video pushed
+ * to the device first.
+ */
+@RunWith(AndroidJUnit4::class)
+class VideoStepReplayTest {
+
+    @Test
+    fun replayReferenceVideo() {
+        val context = InstrumentationRegistry.getInstrumentation().targetContext
+        val videoPath = context.getExternalFilesDir(null)!!.resolve("reference_test.mp4").absolutePath
+
+        val retriever = MediaMetadataRetriever()
+        retriever.setDataSource(videoPath)
+        val durationMs = retriever.extractMetadata(MediaMetadataRetriever.METADATA_KEY_DURATION)
+            ?.toLongOrNull() ?: 0L
+
+        val detector = PoseDetection.getClient(
+            AccuratePoseDetectorOptions.Builder()
+                .setDetectorMode(AccuratePoseDetectorOptions.STREAM_MODE)
+                .build()
+        )
+        val landmarkSmoother = PoseLandmarkSmoother()
+        val ankleHipSmoother = AnkleHipMovingAverageFilter()
+        val liveStepDetector = LiveStepDetector()
+        val logger = DebugSessionLogger(context)
+        logger.start()
+
+        val stepMs = 33L
+        var t = 0L
+        var finalStepCount = 0
+        var framesProcessed = 0
+        while (t < durationMs) {
+            val bitmap = retriever.getFrameAtTime(t * 1000, MediaMetadataRetriever.OPTION_CLOSEST)
+            if (bitmap != null) {
+                val inputImage = InputImage.fromBitmap(bitmap, 0)
+                val pose = Tasks.await(detector.process(inputImage))
+                val landmarks = landmarkSmoother.smooth(pose)
+                val angles = PoseAngleCalculator.compute(landmarks)
+                val smoothedAnkleHip = ankleHipSmoother.smooth(landmarks)
+                val frame = buildPoseFrame(t, landmarks, smoothedAnkleHip, angles)
+                val result = liveStepDetector.update(frame)
+                finalStepCount = result.stepCount
+                logger.log(landmarks, t, finalStepCount, result.handRaiseProgress)
+                framesProcessed++
+            }
+            t += stepMs
+        }
+        logger.stop()
+        detector.close()
+        retriever.release()
+
+        println(
+            "VideoStepReplayTest: processed $framesProcessed frames over ${durationMs}ms, " +
+                "final step count = $finalStepCount"
+        )
+    }
+}

app/src/main/AndroidManifest.xml

@@ -11,6 +11,9 @@
     <uses-permission
         android:name="android.permission.WRITE_EXTERNAL_STORAGE"
         android:maxSdkVersion="28" />
+    <!-- TEMP diagnostic-only: lets FrameExtractTest read back a recorded
+         video via MediaStore for troubleshooting. Remove once done. -->
+    <uses-permission android:name="android.permission.READ_MEDIA_VIDEO" />
     <uses-feature android:name="android.hardware.camera" android:required="false" />
     <uses-feature android:name="android.hardware.camera.any" android:required="false" />
     <uses-feature android:name="android.hardware.camera.autofocus" android:required="false" />
@@ -47,6 +50,15 @@
             android:exported="true"
             android:screenOrientation="unspecified"
             android:theme="@style/Theme.Jnicpp.Camera" />
+
+        <!-- Reachable from BowlingCameraActivity's "Tuning" button; see
+             ParameterEditorActivity's class doc. Reuses the camera
+             screen's no-action-bar theme so its own title text isn't
+             cramped against a system one. -->
+        <activity
+            android:name=".bowling.ParameterEditorActivity"
+            android:exported="false"
+            android:theme="@style/Theme.Jnicpp.Camera" />
     </application>
 
 </manifest>

app/src/main/java/com/example/jnicpp/bowling/AdminAuth.kt

@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+/**
+ * @file AdminAuth.kt
+ * @brief Minimal local admin/normal-user distinction gating access to the tuning screen.
+ */
+package com.example.jnicpp.bowling
+
+/**
+ * @brief Recognizes an admin login vs. a normal user for this local tool.
+ *
+ * Deliberately not a real multi-user account system -- there's no backend
+ * and no per-user data anywhere in this app. Just a single admin password
+ * checked locally: entering it correctly (see
+ * [BowlingCameraActivity]'s Tuning button) recognizes that login attempt
+ * as admin and unlocks [ParameterEditorActivity] for it; anyone who
+ * doesn't enter it stays a normal user with no access. Not persisted
+ * across app restarts or Tuning taps -- each attempt is checked fresh.
+ */
+object AdminAuth {
+    // Change this to your own value if you want a different admin
+    // password. Plain-text on purpose: this only gates a local tuning
+    // screen, not anything sensitive, so hashing/storage machinery would
+    // be complexity this tool doesn't need.
+    private const val ADMIN_PASSWORD = "admin123"
+
+    /**
+     * @brief Whether [password] matches the admin password.
+     * @param password The password entered at the login prompt.
+     * @return true if this login attempt should be recognized as admin.
+     */
+    fun isAdminPassword(password: String): Boolean = password == ADMIN_PASSWORD
+}

app/src/main/java/com/example/jnicpp/bowling/AdminLoginPrompt.kt

@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+/**
+ * @file AdminLoginPrompt.kt
+ * @brief Dialog that gates admin-only actions behind AdminAuth's password check.
+ */
+package com.example.jnicpp.bowling
+
+import android.content.Context
+import android.text.InputType
+import android.widget.EditText
+import android.widget.Toast
+import androidx.appcompat.app.AlertDialog
+import com.example.jnicpp.R
+
+/**
+ * @brief Shows the admin-login dialog used to gate [ParameterEditorActivity].
+ *
+ * Pulled out of [BowlingCameraActivity] so that Activity stays limited to
+ * wiring user actions into this rather than holding dialog-building and
+ * password-checking logic itself -- same reasoning as
+ * [StepCounterUiController].
+ */
+object AdminLoginPrompt {
+
+    /**
+     * @brief Prompts for the admin password and invokes [onSuccess] only
+     *        if it matches [AdminAuth]'s admin password; otherwise shows a
+     *        "staying in normal user mode" toast and does nothing further.
+     * @param context Used to build the dialog and its toast.
+     * @param onSuccess Invoked once the entered password is confirmed correct.
+     */
+    fun show(context: Context, onSuccess: () -> Unit) {
+        val passwordInput = EditText(context).apply {
+            inputType = InputType.TYPE_CLASS_TEXT or InputType.TYPE_TEXT_VARIATION_PASSWORD
+            hint = context.getString(R.string.admin_password_hint)
+        }
+        val paddingPx = (16 * context.resources.displayMetrics.density).toInt()
+        passwordInput.setPadding(paddingPx, paddingPx, paddingPx, paddingPx)
+
+        AlertDialog.Builder(context)
+            .setTitle(R.string.admin_login_title)
+            .setMessage(R.string.admin_login_message)
+            .setView(passwordInput)
+            .setPositiveButton(R.string.admin_login_confirm) { _, _ ->
+                if (AdminAuth.isAdminPassword(passwordInput.text.toString())) {
+                    onSuccess()
+                } else {
+                    Toast.makeText(context, R.string.admin_login_failed, Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show()
+                }
+            }
+            .setNegativeButton(R.string.admin_login_cancel, null)
+            .show()
+    }
+}

app/src/main/java/com/example/jnicpp/bowling/BowlingCameraActivity.kt

@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@
  */
 package com.example.jnicpp.bowling
 
+import android.content.Intent
 import android.content.pm.ActivityInfo
 import android.net.Uri
 import android.os.Bundle
@@ -63,9 +64,13 @@ class BowlingCameraActivity : AppCompatActivity(), CameraXController.Callback {
     // doc. Open only while a recording is in progress.
     private lateinit var debugSessionLogger: DebugSessionLogger
 
+    // Rendering for the step-counter card and hold-to-reset indicator --
+    // see StepCounterUiController's class doc for why this isn't just
+    // inline here.
+    private lateinit var stepCounterUi: StepCounterUiController
     // class for FeedbackUI
     private lateinit var feedbackUI: FeedbackUI
-    private val stepLabels = listOf(
+    private val stepLabels = listOf<Int>(
         R.string.pose_phase_waiting,
         R.string.pose_phase_starting_stance,
         R.string.first_step,
@@ -77,7 +82,7 @@ class BowlingCameraActivity : AppCompatActivity(), CameraXController.Callback {
     private var currentStepIndex = 0
 
     private val permissionLauncher =
-        registerForActivityResult(ActivityResultContracts.RequestMultiplePermissions()) { _ ->
+        registerForActivityResult(ActivityResultContracts.RequestMultiplePermissions()) { _: Map<String, Boolean> ->
             val granted = CameraPermissions.allGranted(this)
             viewModel.onPermissionsResult(granted)
             if (granted) {
@@ -102,6 +107,14 @@ class BowlingCameraActivity : AppCompatActivity(), CameraXController.Callback {
         cameraExecutor = Executors.newSingleThreadExecutor()
         cameraXController = CameraXController(applicationContext, cameraExecutor)
         debugSessionLogger = DebugSessionLogger(applicationContext)
+        stepCounterUi = StepCounterUiController(
+            context = this,
+            cardStepCounter = binding.cardStepCounter,
+            textStepCountBig = binding.textStepCountBig,
+            layoutResetHint = binding.layoutResetHint,
+            progressHandRaise = binding.progressHandRaise,
+            textResetHint = binding.textResetHint
+        )
         feedbackUI = FeedbackUI(this, binding.root)
 
         binding.poseOverlay.attachFeedback(feedbackUI)
@@ -112,6 +125,11 @@ class BowlingCameraActivity : AppCompatActivity(), CameraXController.Callback {
         binding.switchPose.setOnCheckedChangeListener { _, isChecked -> viewModel.onPoseToggled(isChecked) }
         binding.btnSwitchCamera.setOnClickListener { onSwitchCameraClicked() }
         binding.btnBack.setOnClickListener { finish() }
+        binding.btnEditor.setOnClickListener {
+            AdminLoginPrompt.show(this) {
+                startActivity(Intent(this, ParameterEditorActivity::class.java))
+            }
+        }
         binding.btnShowStep.setOnClickListener { onStepIncrease() }
 
         observeViewModel()
@@ -151,11 +169,21 @@ class BowlingCameraActivity : AppCompatActivity(), CameraXController.Callback {
         }
     }
 
-    /** @brief Handles the switch-camera button: toggles [lensFacing] and rebinds, unless a recording is in progress. */
+    /**
+     * @brief Handles the switch-camera button: toggles [lensFacing] and rebinds.
+     *
+     * If a recording is in progress, stops it first (same effect as
+     * tapping Stop Recording) rather than blocking the switch outright --
+     * a debug/testing convenience so trying both cameras doesn't need a
+     * separate stop first. [CameraXController.Callback.onRecordingFinalized]
+     * still fires asynchronously and saves the take normally, up to the
+     * point it was stopped; only the new camera's stream starts fresh,
+     * with no live pose/step-count carried over, same as ending any other
+     * take.
+     */
     private fun onSwitchCameraClicked() {
         if (cameraXController.isRecording) {
-            Toast.makeText(this, R.string.switch_camera_while_recording, Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show()
+            cameraXController.stopRecording()
-            return
         }
         lensFacing = if (lensFacing == CameraSelector.LENS_FACING_BACK) {
             CameraSelector.LENS_FACING_FRONT
@@ -192,17 +220,25 @@ class BowlingCameraActivity : AppCompatActivity(), CameraXController.Callback {
                 }
                 launch {
                     viewModel.errorEvents.collect { message ->
-                        Toast.makeText(this@BowlingCameraActivity, message, Toast.LENGTH_LONG).show()
+                        Toast.makeText(this@BowlingCameraActivity, message, Toast.LENGTH_LONG)
+                            .show()
                     }
                 }
                 launch {
                     viewModel.stepEvents.collect { events ->
-                        binding.textStepCount.text = getString(R.string.step_count_format, events.size)
+                        stepCounterUi.renderStepCount(events.size)
                         if (events.isNotEmpty()) {
                             Log.d(TAG, "Step ${events.size}: ${events.last()}")
                         }
                     }
                 }
+                launch {
+                    viewModel.handRaiseProgress.collect { progress ->
+                        stepCounterUi.renderHandRaiseProgress(
+                            progress
+                        )
+                    }
+                }
                 // Deliberately its own collector, independent of stepEvents
                 // above -- delivery-phase feedback and step counting are
                 // separate concerns (see PosePhaseDetector's class doc).
@@ -248,11 +284,17 @@ class BowlingCameraActivity : AppCompatActivity(), CameraXController.Callback {
         when (state) {
             is CameraViewModel.RecordingState.Idle -> {
                 binding.layoutRecordingIndicator.visibility = View.GONE
+                stepCounterUi.setVisible(false)
                 binding.btnRecord.isEnabled = true
                 binding.btnRecord.setText(R.string.record)
                 // Pose mode can only be changed between recordings, not
                 // mid-flight -- see setPoseDetectionEnabled()'s doc comment.
                 binding.switchPose.isEnabled = true
+                stepCounterUi.resetTracking()
+                // A tuning change only takes effect on the *next* recording
+                // (see ParameterEditorActivity's class doc), so only offer
+                // it while there isn't one already in progress.
+                binding.btnEditor.visibility = View.VISIBLE
                 // Feedback UI - buttons only shown when recording
                 binding.btnShowStep.isEnabled = false
             }
@@ -261,6 +303,7 @@ class BowlingCameraActivity : AppCompatActivity(), CameraXController.Callback {
                 // mode for it is already locked in.
                 binding.btnRecord.isEnabled = false
                 binding.switchPose.isEnabled = false
+                binding.btnEditor.visibility = View.GONE
                 binding.btnShowStep.isEnabled = true
                 binding.btnShowStep.setText(R.string.pose_phase_waiting)
             }
@@ -269,6 +312,8 @@ class BowlingCameraActivity : AppCompatActivity(), CameraXController.Callback {
                 binding.btnRecord.setText(R.string.stop_recording)
                 binding.switchPose.isEnabled = false
                 binding.layoutRecordingIndicator.visibility = View.VISIBLE
+                stepCounterUi.setVisible(true)
+                binding.btnEditor.visibility = View.GONE
                 val minutes = state.elapsedSeconds / 60
                 val seconds = state.elapsedSeconds % 60
                 binding.textTimer.text = String.format(Locale.US, "%02d:%02d", minutes, seconds)
@@ -433,7 +478,12 @@ class BowlingCameraActivity : AppCompatActivity(), CameraXController.Callback {
         viewModel.onPoseFrameUpdated(result.landmarks, result.angles)
 
         val frameTimestampMs = System.currentTimeMillis()
-        debugSessionLogger.log(result.landmarks, frameTimestampMs, viewModel.stepEvents.value.size)
+        debugSessionLogger.log(
+            result.landmarks,
+            frameTimestampMs,
+            viewModel.stepEvents.value.size,
+            viewModel.handRaiseProgress.value
+        )
 
         if (frameTimestampMs - lastLandmarkLogMs >= 1000) {
             lastLandmarkLogMs = frameTimestampMs

app/src/main/java/com/example/jnicpp/bowling/CameraViewModel.kt

@@ -4,7 +4,8 @@
  */
 package com.example.jnicpp.bowling
 
-import androidx.lifecycle.ViewModel
+import android.app.Application
+import androidx.lifecycle.AndroidViewModel
 import androidx.lifecycle.viewModelScope
 import kotlinx.coroutines.Job
 import kotlinx.coroutines.delay
@@ -25,8 +26,12 @@ import kotlinx.coroutines.launch
  * [BowlingCameraActivity] and [CameraXController] report events into it,
  * and the UI observes it back out. That keeps this class trivially
  * unit-testable (no Android camera framework involved).
+ *
+ * Extends [AndroidViewModel] rather than a plain ViewModel solely to reach
+ * an Application [android.content.Context] for [DetectorSettings.load] --
+ * see [onRecordingStarting].
  */
-class CameraViewModel : ViewModel() {
+class CameraViewModel(application: Application) : AndroidViewModel(application) {
 
     /** @brief The camera screen's overall recording state. */
     sealed interface RecordingState {
@@ -59,16 +64,14 @@ class CameraViewModel : ViewModel() {
     /** @brief Joint angles computed for the most recent analyzed frame, or null if none available. */
     val poseAngles: StateFlow<PoseAngles?> = _poseAngles.asStateFlow()
 
-    // Time-ordered pose samples for the current/most recent recording
+    // Pose-frame buffering and live step counting for the current/most
-    // session, one appended per analyzed frame while actually recording
+    // recent recording session -- see StepCountingSession's class doc for
-    // (see onPoseFrameUpdated) -- a live preview with pose overlay on but
+    // why this lives in its own class rather than inline here. Frames only
-    // not recording doesn't fill this. Cleared at the start of each new
+    // flow into it while actually recording (see onPoseFrameUpdated) -- a
-    // recording (see onRecordingStarting). Exposed as a read-only snapshot;
+    // live preview with pose overlay on but not recording doesn't feed it.
-    // StepDetector.detect() consumes it once a recording finishes (see
+    private val stepCountingSession = StepCountingSession()
-    // onRecordingStopped).
-    private val poseFrameBuffer = mutableListOf<PoseFrame>()
     /** @brief Time-ordered pose samples buffered for the current/most recent recording session. */
-    val poseFrames: List<PoseFrame> get() = poseFrameBuffer
+    val poseFrames: List<PoseFrame> get() = stepCountingSession.poseFrames
 
     // Extra SMA smoothing for ankle/hip landmarks specifically, on top of
     // PoseLandmarkSmoother's per-frame EMA -- see AnkleHipMovingAverageFilter.
@@ -103,7 +106,9 @@ class CameraViewModel : ViewModel() {
     // the last attempt's count remains visible.
     private val _stepEvents = MutableStateFlow<List<StepEvent>>(emptyList())
     /** @brief Steps detected so far in the current attempt, since the last reset. */
-    val stepEvents: StateFlow<List<StepEvent>> = _stepEvents.asStateFlow()
+    val stepEvents: StateFlow<List<StepEvent>> get() = stepCountingSession.stepEvents
+    /** @brief Progress toward the hold-to-reset gesture, from 0 to 1. */
+    val handRaiseProgress: StateFlow<Float> get() = stepCountingSession.handRaiseProgress
 
     private val _permissionsGranted = MutableStateFlow(false)
     /** @brief Whether all required camera/microphone/storage permissions are currently granted. */
@@ -157,32 +162,22 @@ class CameraViewModel : ViewModel() {
         _posePhase.value = phaseResult.phase
         _poseMetrics.value = phaseResult.metrics
         if (_recordingState.value is RecordingState.Recording) {
-            val smoothedAnkleHip = ankleHipSmoother.smooth(landmarks)
+            stepCountingSession.onFrame(landmarks, angles, System.currentTimeMillis())
-            val frame = buildPoseFrame(
-                timestampMs = System.currentTimeMillis(),
-                landmarks = landmarks,
-                smoothedAnkleHip = smoothedAnkleHip,
-                angles = angles
-            )
-            poseFrameBuffer.add(frame)
-
-            val result = liveStepDetector.update(frame)
-            if (result.wasReset) {
-                _stepEvents.value = emptyList()
-            }
-            if (result.newSteps.isNotEmpty()) {
-                _stepEvents.value = _stepEvents.value + result.newSteps
-            }
         }
     }
 
-    /** @brief Marks a recording as being requested and resets all per-session buffering/detection state. */
+    /**
+     * @brief Marks a recording as being requested and resets all
+     *        per-session buffering/detection state.
+     *
+     * Reloads [DetectorSettings] fresh here (rather than once at
+     * construction) so a tuning change made in [ParameterEditorActivity]
+     * takes effect on the very next recording, without needing to
+     * restart this screen.
+     */
     fun onRecordingStarting() {
         _recordingState.value = RecordingState.Starting
-        poseFrameBuffer.clear()
+        stepCountingSession.startNewSession(DetectorSettings.load(getApplication()))
-        ankleHipSmoother.reset()
-        liveStepDetector.reset()
-        _stepEvents.value = emptyList()
     }
 
     /** @brief Marks a recording as actively writing and starts the elapsed-time timer. */

app/src/main/java/com/example/jnicpp/bowling/DebugSessionLogger.kt

@@ -70,7 +70,10 @@ class DebugSessionLogger(private val appContext: Context) {
         writer = outputStream?.let { BufferedWriter(OutputStreamWriter(it)) }
         lastLoggedMs = null
         writer?.let {
-            it.write("timestampMs dtMs ankleL(y,lik) ankleR(y,lik) hipL(y,lik) hipR(y,lik) shoulderL(lik) shoulderR(lik) torsoScalePx stepCount")
+            it.write(
+                "timestampMs dtMs ankleL(y,lik) ankleR(y,lik) hipL(y,lik) hipR(y,lik) shoulderL(y,lik) shoulderR(y,lik) " +
+                    "wristL(y,lik) wristR(y,lik) torsoScalePx stepCount handRaiseProgress"
+            )
             it.newLine()
             it.flush()
         }
@@ -81,8 +84,9 @@ class DebugSessionLogger(private val appContext: Context) {
      * @param landmarks EMA-smoothed landmarks for this frame, keyed by ML Kit's `PoseLandmark` type constant.
      * @param timestampMs Wall-clock time this frame was analyzed, in milliseconds.
      * @param stepCount Current cumulative step count at the time of this frame.
+     * @param handRaiseProgress Current hold-to-reset gesture progress (0-1) at the time of this frame.
      */
-    fun log(landmarks: Map<Int, SmoothedLandmark>, timestampMs: Long, stepCount: Int) {
+    fun log(landmarks: Map<Int, SmoothedLandmark>, timestampMs: Long, stepCount: Int, handRaiseProgress: Float) {
         val out = writer ?: return
 
         val ankleL = landmarks[PoseLandmark.LEFT_ANKLE]
@@ -91,6 +95,8 @@ class DebugSessionLogger(private val appContext: Context) {
         val hipR = landmarks[PoseLandmark.RIGHT_HIP]
         val shoulderL = landmarks[PoseLandmark.LEFT_SHOULDER]
         val shoulderR = landmarks[PoseLandmark.RIGHT_SHOULDER]
+        val wristL = landmarks[PoseLandmark.LEFT_WRIST]
+        val wristR = landmarks[PoseLandmark.RIGHT_WRIST]
 
         val torsoScale = torsoScale(shoulderL, shoulderR, hipL, hipR)
         val dtMs = lastLoggedMs?.let { timestampMs - it }
@@ -100,9 +106,11 @@ class DebugSessionLogger(private val appContext: Context) {
             "${dtMs ?: "-"} " +
             "${format(ankleL)} ${format(ankleR)} " +
             "${format(hipL)} ${format(hipR)} " +
-            "${formatLikelihoodOnly(shoulderL)} ${formatLikelihoodOnly(shoulderR)} " +
+            "${format(shoulderL)} ${format(shoulderR)} " +
+            "${format(wristL)} ${format(wristR)} " +
             "${torsoScale?.let { "%.1f".format(it) } ?: "-"} " +
-            stepCount
+            "$stepCount " +
+            "%.2f".format(handRaiseProgress)
 
         try {
             out.write(line)
@@ -129,9 +137,6 @@ class DebugSessionLogger(private val appContext: Context) {
     private fun format(landmark: SmoothedLandmark?): String =
         if (landmark == null) "-" else "(%.1f,%.2f)".format(landmark.y, landmark.inFrameLikelihood)
 
-    private fun formatLikelihoodOnly(landmark: SmoothedLandmark?): String =
-        if (landmark == null) "-" else "%.2f".format(landmark.inFrameLikelihood)
-
     /** @brief Shoulder-to-hip pixel distance, matching [LiveStepDetector]'s own torso-scale definition. */
     private fun torsoScale(
         shoulderL: SmoothedLandmark?,

app/src/main/java/com/example/jnicpp/bowling/DetectorSettings.kt

@@ -0,0 +1,84 @@
+/**
+ * @file DetectorSettings.kt
+ * @brief Persisted, user-editable tuning parameters for LiveStepDetector.
+ */
+package com.example.jnicpp.bowling
+
+import android.content.Context
+
+/**
+ * @brief The five values [LiveStepDetector] takes to control step/reset
+ *        sensitivity, as a persistable bundle.
+ *
+ * Exists so these can be tuned from [ParameterEditorActivity] without a
+ * rebuild -- see that Activity's class doc for why. [load] always returns
+ * a usable value (falling back to [DEFAULT] for anything never saved), so
+ * callers never need to null-check.
+ *
+ * @param minSpacingMs Minimum time, in milliseconds, between two accepted step peaks for the same foot.
+ * @param minProminenceRatio Minimum required peak prominence, as a fraction of torso scale.
+ * @param maxFrameJumpRatio Maximum single-frame ankle-y movement, as a fraction of torso scale, still trusted as real motion.
+ * @param handRaiseHoldMs How long, in milliseconds, a hand must stay raised (allowing brief drops) to trigger a reset.
+ * @param handRaiseMarginRatio How far a wrist must sit above its shoulder, as a fraction of torso scale, to count as "raised".
+ */
+data class DetectorSettings(
+    val minSpacingMs: Long,
+    val minProminenceRatio: Float,
+    val maxFrameJumpRatio: Float,
+    val handRaiseHoldMs: Long,
+    val handRaiseMarginRatio: Float
+) {
+    companion object {
+        /** @brief Same values as [LiveStepDetector]'s own constructor defaults. */
+        val DEFAULT = DetectorSettings(
+            minSpacingMs = 300L,
+            minProminenceRatio = 0.15f,
+            maxFrameJumpRatio = 0.25f,
+            handRaiseHoldMs = 5000L,
+            handRaiseMarginRatio = 0.05f
+        )
+
+        private const val PREFS_NAME = "detector_settings"
+        private const val KEY_MIN_SPACING_MS = "min_spacing_ms"
+        private const val KEY_MIN_PROMINENCE_RATIO = "min_prominence_ratio"
+        private const val KEY_MAX_FRAME_JUMP_RATIO = "max_frame_jump_ratio"
+        private const val KEY_HAND_RAISE_HOLD_MS = "hand_raise_hold_ms"
+        private const val KEY_HAND_RAISE_MARGIN_RATIO = "hand_raise_margin_ratio"
+
+        /**
+         * @brief Loads the currently-saved settings, or [DEFAULT] for
+         *        anything never explicitly saved.
+         * @param context Used only to reach SharedPreferences.
+         */
+        fun load(context: Context): DetectorSettings {
+            val prefs = context.getSharedPreferences(PREFS_NAME, Context.MODE_PRIVATE)
+            return DetectorSettings(
+                minSpacingMs = prefs.getLong(KEY_MIN_SPACING_MS, DEFAULT.minSpacingMs),
+                minProminenceRatio = prefs.getFloat(KEY_MIN_PROMINENCE_RATIO, DEFAULT.minProminenceRatio),
+                maxFrameJumpRatio = prefs.getFloat(KEY_MAX_FRAME_JUMP_RATIO, DEFAULT.maxFrameJumpRatio),
+                handRaiseHoldMs = prefs.getLong(KEY_HAND_RAISE_HOLD_MS, DEFAULT.handRaiseHoldMs),
+                handRaiseMarginRatio = prefs.getFloat(KEY_HAND_RAISE_MARGIN_RATIO, DEFAULT.handRaiseMarginRatio)
+            )
+        }
+
+        /**
+         * @brief Persists [settings], overwriting whatever was saved before.
+         * @param context Used only to reach SharedPreferences.
+         * @param settings The values to save.
+         */
+        fun save(context: Context, settings: DetectorSettings) {
+            context.getSharedPreferences(PREFS_NAME, Context.MODE_PRIVATE).edit()
+                .putLong(KEY_MIN_SPACING_MS, settings.minSpacingMs)
+                .putFloat(KEY_MIN_PROMINENCE_RATIO, settings.minProminenceRatio)
+                .putFloat(KEY_MAX_FRAME_JUMP_RATIO, settings.maxFrameJumpRatio)
+                .putLong(KEY_HAND_RAISE_HOLD_MS, settings.handRaiseHoldMs)
+                .putFloat(KEY_HAND_RAISE_MARGIN_RATIO, settings.handRaiseMarginRatio)
+                .apply()
+        }
+
+        /** @brief Clears all saved overrides, reverting future [load] calls to [DEFAULT]. */
+        fun resetToDefaults(context: Context) {
+            context.getSharedPreferences(PREFS_NAME, Context.MODE_PRIVATE).edit().clear().apply()
+        }
+    }
+}

app/src/main/java/com/example/jnicpp/bowling/LiveStepDetector.kt

@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@
  */
 package com.example.jnicpp.bowling
 
+import kotlin.math.abs
 import kotlin.math.sqrt
 
 /**
@@ -39,12 +40,17 @@ import kotlin.math.sqrt
  *    threshold relative to it self-corrects frame to frame instead of
  *    drifting.
  *
- * Also tracks whether the bowler has returned to a stationary "ready"
+ * Also tracks a deliberate "raise a hand and hold it up" reset gesture --
- * stance -- hip position barely moving relative to torso size, sustained
+ * see [HandRaiseTracker] -- rather than resetting automatically whenever
- * for [stillnessWindowMs] -- and if so, resets the step count back to zero.
+ * the bowler holds still. An earlier automatic version misread a stalled
- * That lets one recording capture several practice approaches back to
+ * camera pipeline as a held stance and wiped out real counts mid-recording
- * back, each counting from its own first step, without needing to stop and
+ * (see git history), and even once that was fixed, silently resetting
- * restart recording between them.
+ * whenever the bowler happens to pause is surprising -- there's no way to
+ * tell, watching the screen, whether the count is about to vanish. A
+ * held gesture is deliberate and has an obvious visual cue (see
+ * [Result.handRaiseProgress]) to build toward, so one recording can still
+ * capture several practice approaches back to back, each counting from its
+ * own first step, without an unannounced reset ever surprising the bowler.
  *
  * Torso scale needs both a shoulder and a hip landmark to compute, and
  * during a fast approach either can drop below the confidence bar on any
@@ -58,52 +64,93 @@ import kotlin.math.sqrt
  *
  * @param minSpacingMs Minimum time, in milliseconds, between two accepted peaks for the same foot.
  * @param minProminenceRatio Minimum required peak prominence, as a fraction of torso scale.
- * @param stillnessWindowMs How long, in milliseconds, hip position must stay put to count as a held stance.
+ * @param maxFrameJumpRatio Maximum single-frame ankle-y movement, as a
- * @param stillnessRatio Maximum hip position drift, as a fraction of torso scale, still considered "still".
+ *        fraction of torso scale, still trusted as real motion rather than
+ *        a detection glitch -- see the outlier gate in [update].
+ * @param handRaiseHoldMs How long, in milliseconds, a hand must stay raised to trigger a reset.
+ * @param handRaiseMarginRatio How far a wrist must sit above its shoulder,
+ *        as a fraction of torso scale, to count as "raised".
  */
 class LiveStepDetector(
     private val minSpacingMs: Long = 300L,
     private val minProminenceRatio: Float = 0.15f,
-    private val stillnessWindowMs: Long = 600L,
+    private val maxFrameJumpRatio: Float = 0.25f,
-    private val stillnessRatio: Float = 0.05f
+    private val handRaiseHoldMs: Long = 5000L,
+    private val handRaiseMarginRatio: Float = 0.05f
 ) {
     /**
      * @brief Outcome of feeding one [PoseFrame] into [update].
      * @param stepCount Total steps counted since the last reset, including any just confirmed this call.
      * @param newSteps Steps confirmed by this specific call, in the order they were confirmed; usually 0 or 1, occasionally 2 if both feet peak in the same frame.
-     * @param wasReset true if this call detected a return to the stationary starting stance and reset the count to zero.
+     * @param wasReset true if this call completed a hand-raise hold and reset the count to zero.
+     * @param handRaiseProgress How far through the hold-to-reset gesture the
+     *        bowler currently is, from 0 (no hand raised) to 1 (reset just
+     *        fired) -- drives the on-screen hold indicator, see
+     *        [BowlingCameraActivity].
      */
     data class Result(
         val stepCount: Int,
         val newSteps: List<StepEvent>,
-        val wasReset: Boolean
+        val wasReset: Boolean,
+        val handRaiseProgress: Float
     )
 
     private val leftFoot = FootPeakTracker(minSpacingMs, minProminenceRatio)
     private val rightFoot = FootPeakTracker(minSpacingMs, minProminenceRatio)
-    private val stillness = StillnessTracker(stillnessWindowMs, stillnessRatio)
+    private val handRaise = HandRaiseTracker(handRaiseHoldMs)
 
     private var stepCount = 0
 
-    // Starts true: the default starting stance, before any step has
-    // happened, *is* stillness. That means the first real "still -> moving
-    // -> still" cycle only fires a reset once steps have actually been
-    // counted (see the stepCount > 0 guard below), not on frame one.
-    private var wasStillLastFrame = true
-
     // See the class doc's last paragraph -- refreshed whenever this frame
     // has both a shoulder and a hip landmark, otherwise left as-is so a
     // momentary drop in torso-landmark confidence doesn't stall detection.
     private var lastKnownTorsoScale: Float? = null
 
+    // Previous call's raw ankle/hip readings, used only to detect a stalled
+    // pipeline -- see the isStalledFrame check in [update].
+    private var lastLeftAnkleRaw: LandmarkPoint? = null
+    private var lastRightAnkleRaw: LandmarkPoint? = null
+    private var lastHipMid: Pair<Float, Float>? = null
+
+    // Last raw ankle-y actually fed to the peak trackers, per foot --
+    // distinct from lastLeftAnkleRaw/lastRightAnkleRaw above, which record
+    // *every* frame's reading (glitched or not) so the stall check keeps
+    // working. These only advance past a sample that clears the outlier
+    // gate in [update], so one glitched frame can't drag the reference
+    // point away from real motion and mask the next frame's genuine jump.
+    private var lastGoodLeftAnkleY: Float? = null
+    private var lastGoodRightAnkleY: Float? = null
+
     /**
      * @brief Feeds one frame's pose data into the detector, updating step
-     *        count/stillness state and returning what happened this call.
+     *        count/hand-raise state and returning what happened this call.
      * @param frame The latest frame's pose data, from the pose pipeline in recording order.
      * @return This call's outcome -- see [Result].
      */
     fun update(frame: PoseFrame): Result {
         val newSteps = mutableListOf<StepEvent>()
+        val hipMid = hipMidpoint(frame)
+
+        // ML Kit's STREAM_MODE detector re-runs inference on every frame it's
+        // handed, so even a genuinely motionless bowler produces a pixel or
+        // two of per-frame detection noise -- real landmark positions don't
+        // repeat bit-for-bit. When every landmark this frame exactly matches
+        // the previous frame's, the camera/analysis pipeline stalled (frame
+        // backlog, autofocus hunt, ...) and re-delivered a stale pose rather
+        // than a fresh one. Treat a stalled frame like a dropped one -- skip
+        // peak/hand-raise tracking for it entirely rather than feed it stale
+        // data.
+        val isStalledFrame = (frame.leftAnkleRaw != null || frame.rightAnkleRaw != null || hipMid != null) &&
+            frame.leftAnkleRaw == lastLeftAnkleRaw &&
+            frame.rightAnkleRaw == lastRightAnkleRaw &&
+            hipMid == lastHipMid
+        lastLeftAnkleRaw = frame.leftAnkleRaw
+        lastRightAnkleRaw = frame.rightAnkleRaw
+        lastHipMid = hipMid
+
+        if (isStalledFrame) {
+            return Result(stepCount = stepCount, newSteps = emptyList(), wasReset = false, handRaiseProgress = handRaise.lastProgress)
+        }
 
         torsoScale(frame)?.let { lastKnownTorsoScale = it }
         val scale = lastKnownTorsoScale
@@ -115,34 +162,51 @@ class LiveStepDetector(
         // busy) risks flattening the peak we're trying to detect into
         // nothing. The heavier smoothing is still right for PoseFrame's
         // stored/displayed values -- just not for finding the peak itself.
+        //
+        // Each reading is first checked against isPlausibleJump: confirmed
+        // against a real device trace where torso scale was small (~45-79px,
+        // a distant/small subject) and single-frame ankle-y jumps of
+        // 15-88px showed up dozens of times -- physically implausible
+        // movement in a single ~30-60ms analysis frame at that scale (the
+        // same trace's genuine footfalls only ever moved ~10-12px total
+        // across several frames). Those jumps are momentary landmark
+        // detection glitches, not real motion, and fed the live counter to
+        // 27 "steps" in 24 seconds. A glitched sample is skipped entirely
+        // rather than reset anything -- lastGoodLeftAnkleY/lastGoodRightAnkleY
+        // only advance past a trusted reading, so the next frame is still
+        // compared against real motion instead of the glitch.
         frame.leftAnkleRaw?.let { ankle ->
-            leftFoot.update(frame.timestampMs, ankle.y, scale)?.let { confirmedAtMs ->
+            if (isPlausibleJump(lastGoodLeftAnkleY, ankle.y, scale)) {
-                stepCount++
+                lastGoodLeftAnkleY = ankle.y
-                newSteps.add(StepEvent(confirmedAtMs, Foot.LEFT, stepCount))
+                leftFoot.update(frame.timestampMs, ankle.y, scale)?.let { confirmedAtMs ->
+                    stepCount++
+                    newSteps.add(StepEvent(confirmedAtMs, Foot.LEFT, stepCount))
+                }
             }
         }
         frame.rightAnkleRaw?.let { ankle ->
-            rightFoot.update(frame.timestampMs, ankle.y, scale)?.let { confirmedAtMs ->
+            if (isPlausibleJump(lastGoodRightAnkleY, ankle.y, scale)) {
-                stepCount++
+                lastGoodRightAnkleY = ankle.y
-                newSteps.add(StepEvent(confirmedAtMs, Foot.RIGHT, stepCount))
+                rightFoot.update(frame.timestampMs, ankle.y, scale)?.let { confirmedAtMs ->
+                    stepCount++
+                    newSteps.add(StepEvent(confirmedAtMs, Foot.RIGHT, stepCount))
+                }
             }
         }
 
+        val raised = isHandRaised(frame, scale)
+        val handRaiseProgress = handRaise.update(frame.timestampMs, raised)
         var wasReset = false
-        val hipMid = hipMidpoint(frame)
+        if (handRaiseProgress >= 1f && stepCount > 0) {
-        if (hipMid != null && scale != null) {
+            reset()
-            val isStill = stillness.update(frame.timestampMs, hipMid.first, hipMid.second, scale)
+            wasReset = true
-            if (isStill && !wasStillLastFrame && stepCount > 0) {
-                reset()
-                wasReset = true
-            }
-            wasStillLastFrame = isStill
         }
 
         return Result(
             stepCount = stepCount,
             newSteps = if (wasReset) emptyList() else newSteps,
-            wasReset = wasReset
+            wasReset = wasReset,
+            handRaiseProgress = if (wasReset) 0f else handRaiseProgress
         )
     }
 
@@ -157,19 +221,67 @@ class LiveStepDetector(
     fun reset() {
         leftFoot.reset()
         rightFoot.reset()
-        stillness.reset()
+        handRaise.reset()
         stepCount = 0
-        wasStillLastFrame = true
+        lastLeftAnkleRaw = null
+        lastRightAnkleRaw = null
+        lastHipMid = null
+        lastGoodLeftAnkleY = null
+        lastGoodRightAnkleY = null
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @brief Whether a new ankle-y reading is plausible real motion given
+     *        the last trusted reading for that same foot, rather than a
+     *        one-frame detection glitch.
+     * @param lastGoodY The last reading that itself passed this check, or
+     *        null if none yet established (nothing to compare against).
+     * @param newY This frame's raw ankle-y reading.
+     * @param scale Current best-known torso length in pixels, or null if
+     *        none established yet (nothing to scale the check by).
+     * @return true if there's no reference to compare against yet, or the
+     *         movement is within [maxFrameJumpRatio] of torso scale.
+     */
+    private fun isPlausibleJump(lastGoodY: Float?, newY: Float, scale: Float?): Boolean {
+        if (lastGoodY == null || scale == null || scale <= 0f) return true
+        return abs(newY - lastGoodY) <= scale * maxFrameJumpRatio
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @brief Whether either wrist currently sits above its own shoulder --
+     *        the reset gesture's "raised" test for this frame.
+     *
+     * Checked per side (left wrist against left shoulder, right against
+     * right) rather than against a hip midpoint or the opposite shoulder,
+     * since either arm alone should be able to trigger it and camera-frame
+     * mirroring/rotation can otherwise put the two sides' x-coordinates in
+     * an inconvenient order. handRaiseMarginRatio's default (0.05, a small
+     * buffer above plain `wrist.y < shoulder.y`) was picked from a real
+     * device recording: the highest a deliberately-raised wrist reached
+     * above its shoulder was only ~11% of torso scale, far short of an
+     * earlier, stricter 0.3 default that never triggered at all across a
+     * whole recording of real attempts. A small buffer still tells a
+     * genuine raise apart from a bowler's normal swing (which stays well
+     * below shoulder height through a standard delivery), and
+     * [handRaiseHoldMs] does the rest of that work regardless, since a
+     * swing is quick and doesn't hold there.
+     *
+     * @param frame The frame to read wrist/shoulder landmarks from.
+     * @param scale Current best-known torso length in pixels, or null if none established yet.
+     * @return true if either wrist is at least `handRaiseMarginRatio * scale` above its shoulder.
+     */
+    private fun isHandRaised(frame: PoseFrame, scale: Float?): Boolean {
+        val margin = if (scale != null && scale > 0f) scale * handRaiseMarginRatio else 0f
+        val leftRaised = frame.leftWrist != null && frame.leftShoulder != null &&
+            frame.leftWrist.y <= frame.leftShoulder.y - margin
+        val rightRaised = frame.rightWrist != null && frame.rightShoulder != null &&
+            frame.rightWrist.y <= frame.rightShoulder.y - margin
+        return leftRaised || rightRaised
     }
 
     /**
      * @brief Computes the midpoint between the left and right hip, falling
      *        back to whichever single hip is available.
-     *
-     * Same raw-vs-SMA reasoning as the ankle reads in [update] applies to
-     * hip position: stillness needs to react to real motion promptly, not a
-     * heavily lagged average of it.
-     *
      * @param frame The frame to read hip landmarks from.
      * @return The hip midpoint as (x, y), or null if neither hip is available.
      */
@@ -199,21 +311,39 @@ class LiveStepDetector(
     }
 }
 
+/** @brief Which extremum [FootPeakTracker] is currently tracking toward. */
+private enum class TrackingMode { SEEKING_PEAK, SEEKING_VALLEY }
+
 /**
  * @brief Per-foot streaming peak detector.
  *
- * Confirms a local maximum with a one-frame lag -- the sample *after* a
+ * A real footfall's ankle-y curve doesn't reach its extremum as a single
- * candidate is what proves it was actually a peak and not still rising --
+ * sharp spike -- the foot decelerates approaching the ground/top of swing,
- * then gates it by [minSpacingMs] (refractory period since the last
+ * so several consecutive frames sit on a noisy plateau near the true peak
- * accepted peak) and, if a torso-scale reference is available, prominence
+ * before the next clear descent. A candidate that only compares a sample
- * relative to it (see [LiveStepDetector]'s class doc for why this isn't a
+ * against its *immediate* left/right neighbors sees near-zero prominence
- * cumulative range). The `torsoScale` parameter to [update] is nullable
+ * across that plateau (each frame differs from the next by noise-level
- * because it may not have been established yet (e.g. the very first frames
+ * amounts) and never confirms, even though the peak is tens of pixels above
- * of a session, before torso landmarks have ever cleared the confidence
+ * the surrounding valleys -- confirmed against real device recordings where
- * bar) -- in that case prominence is skipped rather than blocking detection
+ * a clearly step-shaped ~20-45px bounce, sustained over a second-plus
- * entirely, so the very first step or two can still register even before
+ * plateau, produced zero confirmed peaks under that approach.
- * there's a scale reference, at the cost of being more jitter-prone until
+ *
- * one is.
+ * Tracks a running extremum instead (the standard streaming "zigzag" turning-
+ * point algorithm): while [mode] is SEEKING_PEAK, [extreme] follows the
+ * highest y seen; once y has dropped away from that running high by at
+ * least the prominence threshold, the high is confirmed as a peak and
+ * tracking flips to SEEKING_VALLEY to find the next low the same way. This
+ * naturally tolerates an arbitrarily long noisy plateau at the top (nothing
+ * about it looks like a drop until the foot actually lifts again) while
+ * still rejecting pure jitter that never clears the threshold either way.
+ *
+ * Single-frame detection glitches (a momentary implausible ankle-y jump)
+ * are filtered out *before* they ever reach this tracker -- see the
+ * isPlausibleJump gate in [LiveStepDetector.update] -- rather than handled
+ * here, since a real footfall's prominence (confirmed against a real
+ * device trace: as little as ~10-12px at that recording's torso scale) can
+ * be smaller than a single glitched frame's jump, so no prominence
+ * threshold on its own can tell the two apart.
  *
  * @param minSpacingMs Minimum time, in milliseconds, between two accepted peaks.
  * @param minProminenceRatio Minimum required peak prominence, as a fraction of torso scale.
@@ -222,8 +352,8 @@ private class FootPeakTracker(
     private val minSpacingMs: Long,
     private val minProminenceRatio: Float
 ) {
-    private var beforeCandidate: Pair<Long, Float>? = null
+    private var mode = TrackingMode.SEEKING_PEAK
-    private var candidate: Pair<Long, Float>? = null
+    private var extreme: Pair<Long, Float>? = null
     private var lastAcceptedMs: Long? = null
 
     /**
@@ -234,81 +364,120 @@ private class FootPeakTracker(
      * @return The confirmed peak's timestamp, or null if this call didn't confirm one.
      */
     fun update(timestampMs: Long, y: Float, torsoScale: Float?): Long? {
+        val current = extreme
+        if (current == null) {
+            extreme = timestampMs to y
+            return null
+        }
+
+        // No scale reference yet (see the class doc's SEEKING_PEAK/VALLEY
+        // paragraph for when this happens): fall back to confirming on any
+        // move away from the running extremum at all, same tradeoff the
+        // previous implementation made in this situation.
+        val threshold = if (torsoScale != null && torsoScale > 0f) torsoScale * minProminenceRatio else 0f
+
         var confirmedAtMs: Long? = null
-        val before = beforeCandidate
+        when (mode) {
-        val mid = candidate
+            TrackingMode.SEEKING_PEAK -> {
-        if (before != null && mid != null && mid.second > before.second && mid.second > y) {
+                if (y > current.second) {
-            val refractoryOk = lastAcceptedMs?.let { mid.first - it >= minSpacingMs } ?: true
+                    extreme = timestampMs to y
-            // Both neighboring dips must clear the threshold -- subtracting
+                } else if (current.second - y >= threshold) {
-            // the shallower (larger-y) of the two neighbors is equivalent
+                    val peakTime = current.first
-            // to requiring min(mid-before, mid-after) >= threshold.
+                    val refractoryOk = lastAcceptedMs?.let { peakTime - it >= minSpacingMs } ?: true
-            val prominenceOk = if (torsoScale != null && torsoScale > 0f) {
+                    if (refractoryOk) {
-                (mid.second - maxOf(before.second, y)) >= torsoScale * minProminenceRatio
+                        lastAcceptedMs = peakTime
-            } else {
+                        confirmedAtMs = peakTime
-                true
+                    }
+                    mode = TrackingMode.SEEKING_VALLEY
+                    extreme = timestampMs to y
+                }
             }
-            if (refractoryOk && prominenceOk) {
+            TrackingMode.SEEKING_VALLEY -> {
-                lastAcceptedMs = mid.first
+                if (y < current.second) {
-                confirmedAtMs = mid.first
+                    extreme = timestampMs to y
+                } else if (y - current.second >= threshold) {
+                    mode = TrackingMode.SEEKING_PEAK
+                    extreme = timestampMs to y
+                }
             }
         }
-        beforeCandidate = candidate
-        candidate = timestampMs to y
         return confirmedAtMs
     }
 
     /** @brief Clears all sample/refractory state; call at the start of a new attempt. */
     fun reset() {
-        beforeCandidate = null
+        mode = TrackingMode.SEEKING_PEAK
-        candidate = null
+        extreme = null
         lastAcceptedMs = null
     }
 }
 
 /**
- * @brief Detects a sustained "not moving" hip position, scaled by torso
+ * @brief Tracks how long a raised-hand reset gesture has been held
- *        size so the same ratio works regardless of camera
+ *        continuously, reporting progress toward the hold duration.
- *        distance/resolution.
+ *
- * @param windowMs How long, in milliseconds, position must stay put to count as held.
+ * Takes a plain raised/not-raised boolean per frame -- what counts as
- * @param stillnessRatio Maximum position drift, as a fraction of torso scale, still considered "still".
+ * "raised" (the margin above the shoulder) is decided by the caller before
+ * [update] is ever called, see [LiveStepDetector.isHandRaised].
+ *
+ * @param holdMs How long, in milliseconds, the hand must stay raised (allowing brief drops) to complete.
+ * @param dropGraceMs How long, in milliseconds, "not raised" is tolerated
+ *        before the hold is treated as abandoned and restarts from zero.
  */
-private class StillnessTracker(
+private class HandRaiseTracker(
-    private val windowMs: Long,
+    private val holdMs: Long,
-    private val stillnessRatio: Float
+    private val dropGraceMs: Long = 500L
 ) {
-    private val recent = ArrayDeque<Triple<Long, Float, Float>>()
+    private var raiseStartMs: Long? = null
+    private var lastRaisedMs: Long? = null
+
+    /** @brief Progress reported by the most recent [update] call, or 0 before the first. */
+    var lastProgress: Float = 0f
+        private set
 
     /**
-     * @brief Feeds one new hip-midpoint sample into the tracker and
+     * @brief Feeds one frame's raised/not-raised state into the tracker.
-     *        reports whether the recent window counts as stillness.
      *
-     * Requires a few samples spanning close to [windowMs] so a couple of
+     * Confirmed against a real device recording: a bowler held the gesture
-     * sparse, coincidentally-close points (e.g. right after a reset, or
+     * for 4.35 of the required 5 seconds (87% progress, climbing perfectly
-     * during a low-frame-rate stretch) aren't mistaken for a genuinely
+     * smoothly the whole way -- this is a deliberate, well-tracked hold,
-     * held stance.
+     * not jitter), then a single frame read as "not raised" -- a natural
+     * arm wobble/fatigue dip, not a dropped attempt -- and progress fell
+     * straight back to zero. That happened on every one of that
+     * recording's five attempts, none of which ever completed. A brief gap
+     * (up to [dropGraceMs]) no longer restarts the hold; only a gap longer
+     * than that reads as the bowler actually giving up and putting their
+     * hand down.
      *
      * @param timestampMs Time this sample was captured, in milliseconds.
-     * @param hipMidX Hip midpoint x coordinate for this sample.
+     * @param raised Whether a hand is raised (past [handRaiseMarginRatio]) this frame.
-     * @param hipMidY Hip midpoint y coordinate for this sample.
+     * @return Progress toward completing the hold, from 0 (not raised, or
-     * @param torsoScale Current torso length in pixels, used to scale the stillness threshold.
+     *         just started) to 1 (hold duration reached).
-     * @return true once at least [windowMs] of recent samples all stay within `stillnessRatio * torsoScale` of each other.
      */
-    fun update(timestampMs: Long, hipMidX: Float, hipMidY: Float, torsoScale: Float): Boolean {
+    fun update(timestampMs: Long, raised: Boolean): Float {
-        recent.addLast(Triple(timestampMs, hipMidX, hipMidY))
+        if (raised) {
-        while (recent.isNotEmpty() && timestampMs - recent.first().first > windowMs) {
+            lastRaisedMs = timestampMs
-            recent.removeFirst()
+        } else {
+            val lastRaised = lastRaisedMs
+            if (lastRaised == null || timestampMs - lastRaised > dropGraceMs) {
+                raiseStartMs = null
+                lastRaisedMs = null
+                lastProgress = 0f
+                return lastProgress
+            }
+            // Within the grace period: fall through and keep counting
+            // elapsed time toward the original raiseStartMs, same as if
+            // this frame had read as raised too.
         }
-        if (recent.size < 3 || timestampMs - recent.first().first < (windowMs * 0.8).toLong()) {
+        val start = raiseStartMs ?: timestampMs.also { raiseStartMs = it }
-            return false
+        lastProgress = ((timestampMs - start).toFloat() / holdMs).coerceIn(0f, 1f)
-        }
+        return lastProgress
-        val xRange = recent.maxOf { it.second } - recent.minOf { it.second }
-        val yRange = recent.maxOf { it.third } - recent.minOf { it.third }
-        val threshold = torsoScale * stillnessRatio
-        return xRange <= threshold && yRange <= threshold
     }
 
-    /** @brief Clears all buffered samples; call at the start of a new attempt. */
+    /** @brief Clears hold state; call whenever the count itself resets. */
     fun reset() {
-        recent.clear()
+        raiseStartMs = null
+        lastRaisedMs = null
+        lastProgress = 0f
     }
 }

app/src/main/java/com/example/jnicpp/bowling/ParameterEditorActivity.kt

@@ -0,0 +1,85 @@
+/**
+ * @file ParameterEditorActivity.kt
+ * @brief Screen for tuning LiveStepDetector's parameters without a rebuild.
+ */
+package com.example.jnicpp.bowling
+
+import android.os.Bundle
+import android.widget.Toast
+import androidx.appcompat.app.AppCompatActivity
+import com.example.jnicpp.R
+import com.example.jnicpp.databinding.ActivityParameterEditorBinding
+
+/**
+ * @brief Lets [DetectorSettings] be viewed and edited from within the app,
+ *        instead of needing a code change and rebuild every time a
+ *        threshold needs adjusting.
+ *
+ * Reachable from [BowlingCameraActivity]'s "Tuning" button. Values are
+ * loaded from [DetectorSettings.load] on open and only take effect once
+ * saved -- [CameraViewModel.onRecordingStarting] reloads them fresh at the
+ * start of each recording, so a save here is picked up by the very next
+ * take without needing to restart the app.
+ */
+class ParameterEditorActivity : AppCompatActivity() {
+
+    private lateinit var binding: ActivityParameterEditorBinding
+
+    override fun onCreate(savedInstanceState: Bundle?) {
+        super.onCreate(savedInstanceState)
+        binding = ActivityParameterEditorBinding.inflate(layoutInflater)
+        setContentView(binding.root)
+
+        renderFields(DetectorSettings.load(this))
+
+        binding.btnSave.setOnClickListener {
+            val settings = readFields()
+            if (settings != null) {
+                DetectorSettings.save(this, settings)
+                Toast.makeText(this, R.string.editor_saved_toast, Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show()
+            } else {
+                Toast.makeText(this, R.string.editor_invalid_value_toast, Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show()
+            }
+        }
+        binding.btnResetDefaults.setOnClickListener {
+            DetectorSettings.resetToDefaults(this)
+            renderFields(DetectorSettings.DEFAULT)
+            Toast.makeText(this, R.string.editor_saved_toast, Toast.LENGTH_SHORT).show()
+        }
+        binding.btnEditorBack.setOnClickListener { finish() }
+    }
+
+    /** @brief Fills every field's current text with [settings]' values. */
+    private fun renderFields(settings: DetectorSettings) {
+        binding.fieldMinSpacingMs.editText?.setText(settings.minSpacingMs.toString())
+        binding.fieldMinProminenceRatio.editText?.setText(settings.minProminenceRatio.toString())
+        binding.fieldMaxFrameJumpRatio.editText?.setText(settings.maxFrameJumpRatio.toString())
+        binding.fieldHandRaiseHoldMs.editText?.setText(settings.handRaiseHoldMs.toString())
+        binding.fieldHandRaiseMarginRatio.editText?.setText(settings.handRaiseMarginRatio.toString())
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @brief Parses every field's current text into a [DetectorSettings].
+     * @return The parsed settings, or null if any field isn't a valid number.
+     */
+    private fun readFields(): DetectorSettings? {
+        val minSpacingMs = binding.fieldMinSpacingMs.editText?.text?.toString()?.toLongOrNull()
+        val minProminenceRatio = binding.fieldMinProminenceRatio.editText?.text?.toString()?.toFloatOrNull()
+        val maxFrameJumpRatio = binding.fieldMaxFrameJumpRatio.editText?.text?.toString()?.toFloatOrNull()
+        val handRaiseHoldMs = binding.fieldHandRaiseHoldMs.editText?.text?.toString()?.toLongOrNull()
+        val handRaiseMarginRatio = binding.fieldHandRaiseMarginRatio.editText?.text?.toString()?.toFloatOrNull()
+
+        if (minSpacingMs == null || minProminenceRatio == null || maxFrameJumpRatio == null ||
+            handRaiseHoldMs == null || handRaiseMarginRatio == null
+        ) {
+            return null
+        }
+        return DetectorSettings(
+            minSpacingMs = minSpacingMs,
+            minProminenceRatio = minProminenceRatio,
+            maxFrameJumpRatio = maxFrameJumpRatio,
+            handRaiseHoldMs = handRaiseHoldMs,
+            handRaiseMarginRatio = handRaiseMarginRatio
+        )
+    }
+}

app/src/main/java/com/example/jnicpp/bowling/StepCounterUiController.kt

@@ -0,0 +1,90 @@
+/**
+ * @file StepCounterUiController.kt
+ * @brief Rendering for the live step-counter card and hold-to-reset gesture indicator.
+ */
+package com.example.jnicpp.bowling
+
+import android.content.Context
+import android.view.View
+import android.widget.TextView
+import com.example.jnicpp.R
+import com.google.android.material.progressindicator.CircularProgressIndicator
+
+/**
+ * @brief Owns rendering for [BowlingCameraActivity]'s step-counter card and
+ *        hold-to-reset gesture indicator, so the Activity's job stays
+ *        limited to wiring [CameraViewModel] state into this controller
+ *        rather than holding view-rendering logic itself.
+ *
+ * @param context Used only for string resource lookups.
+ * @param cardStepCounter The step-counter card container view.
+ * @param textStepCountBig The large step-count number TextView.
+ * @param layoutResetHint The hold-to-reset hint row container view.
+ * @param progressHandRaise The circular hold-progress indicator.
+ * @param textResetHint The hold-to-reset hint text.
+ */
+class StepCounterUiController(
+    private val context: Context,
+    private val cardStepCounter: View,
+    private val textStepCountBig: TextView,
+    private val layoutResetHint: View,
+    private val progressHandRaise: CircularProgressIndicator,
+    private val textResetHint: TextView
+) {
+    // Last step count rendered, so pulse() in renderStepCount only plays
+    // when a new step actually pushed the count up, not on every
+    // stepEvents emission -- a reset back to zero shouldn't visually "pop".
+    private var lastRenderedStepCount = 0
+
+    /**
+     * @brief Shows or hides the step counter and reset-hint views together.
+     * @param visible true to reveal both (recording in progress), false to hide them.
+     */
+    fun setVisible(visible: Boolean) {
+        val visibility = if (visible) View.VISIBLE else View.GONE
+        cardStepCounter.visibility = visibility
+        layoutResetHint.visibility = visibility
+    }
+
+    /** @brief Clears pulse-tracking state; call whenever a new recording starts. */
+    fun resetTracking() {
+        lastRenderedStepCount = 0
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @brief Renders the current step count, pulsing the card if a new step was just confirmed.
+     * @param stepCount Total steps counted so far in the current attempt.
+     */
+    fun renderStepCount(stepCount: Int) {
+        textStepCountBig.text = stepCount.toString()
+        if (stepCount > lastRenderedStepCount) {
+            pulse()
+        }
+        lastRenderedStepCount = stepCount
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @brief Reflects the hold-to-reset gesture's progress onto the
+     *        circular indicator and hint text.
+     * @param progress Current hold progress, from 0 (not raised) to 1 (reset just fired).
+     */
+    fun renderHandRaiseProgress(progress: Float) {
+        progressHandRaise.progress = (progress * 100).toInt()
+        textResetHint.text = if (progress <= 0f) {
+            context.getString(R.string.reset_hint_idle)
+        } else {
+            context.getString(R.string.reset_hint_holding, (progress * 100).toInt())
+        }
+    }
+
+    /** @brief Briefly scales the step counter up and back down, drawing the eye to a newly confirmed step. */
+    private fun pulse() {
+        cardStepCounter.animate()
+            .scaleX(1.15f).scaleY(1.15f)
+            .setDuration(80)
+            .withEndAction {
+                cardStepCounter.animate().scaleX(1f).scaleY(1f).setDuration(120).start()
+            }
+            .start()
+    }
+}

app/src/main/java/com/example/jnicpp/bowling/StepCountingSession.kt

@@ -0,0 +1,108 @@
+/**
+ * @file StepCountingSession.kt
+ * @brief Owns pose-frame buffering and live step counting for one recording attempt.
+ */
+package com.example.jnicpp.bowling
+
+import kotlinx.coroutines.flow.MutableStateFlow
+import kotlinx.coroutines.flow.StateFlow
+import kotlinx.coroutines.flow.asStateFlow
+
+/**
+ * @brief Bundles everything [CameraViewModel] needs to buffer pose frames
+ *        and run live step counting during a recording, so that ViewModel
+ *        stays a thin state machine rather than also holding this
+ *        machinery directly.
+ *
+ * Knows nothing about CameraX/ML Kit or Android component lifecycle --
+ * same reasoning as [CameraXController] and [PoseAnalyzer] -- so it's
+ * trivially unit-testable and reusable if a second recording surface is
+ * ever added.
+ */
+class StepCountingSession {
+
+    // Extra SMA smoothing for ankle/hip landmarks specifically, on top of
+    // PoseLandmarkSmoother's per-frame EMA -- see AnkleHipMovingAverageFilter.
+    private val ankleHipSmoother = AnkleHipMovingAverageFilter()
+
+    // Live, incremental step counting -- see LiveStepDetector. Resets
+    // mid-recording when the bowler holds a hand raised for the gesture's
+    // full hold duration, so one recording can capture several practice
+    // approaches back to back. Rebuilt fresh (not just .reset()) in
+    // startNewSession from whatever DetectorSettings are current at that
+    // moment, so tuning changes made in ParameterEditorActivity take
+    // effect on the very next recording without needing an app restart.
+    private var liveStepDetector = LiveStepDetector()
+
+    // Time-ordered pose samples for the current/most recent recording
+    // session, one appended per analyzed frame while actually recording --
+    // see [onFrame]. Cleared at the start of each new session (see
+    // [startNewSession]). Exposed as a read-only snapshot;
+    // StepDetector.detect() can consume it once a recording finishes.
+    private val poseFrameBuffer = mutableListOf<PoseFrame>()
+    /** @brief Time-ordered pose samples buffered for the current/most recent recording session. */
+    val poseFrames: List<PoseFrame> get() = poseFrameBuffer
+
+    // Steps detected so far in the current attempt (since the last reset,
+    // whether that reset was a new session starting or the bowler
+    // completing the hand-raise reset gesture mid-recording). The UI reads
+    // events.size as the "Step N" counter. Stays populated after recording
+    // stops so the last attempt's count remains visible.
+    private val _stepEvents = MutableStateFlow<List<StepEvent>>(emptyList())
+    /** @brief Steps detected so far in the current attempt, since the last reset. */
+    val stepEvents: StateFlow<List<StepEvent>> = _stepEvents.asStateFlow()
+
+    // How far through the hold-to-reset gesture the bowler currently is --
+    // see LiveStepDetector.Result.handRaiseProgress. Drives the on-screen
+    // hold indicator so a reset is never a surprise; 0 whenever not recording.
+    private val _handRaiseProgress = MutableStateFlow(0f)
+    /** @brief Progress toward the hold-to-reset gesture, from 0 to 1. */
+    val handRaiseProgress: StateFlow<Float> = _handRaiseProgress.asStateFlow()
+
+    /**
+     * @brief Feeds one analyzed frame's landmarks/angles into buffering and
+     *        live step counting. Only meant to be called while a recording
+     *        is actually in progress -- see [CameraViewModel.onPoseFrameUpdated].
+     * @param landmarks EMA-smoothed landmarks for this frame, keyed by ML Kit's `PoseLandmark` type constant.
+     * @param angles Joint angles computed for this same frame.
+     * @param timestampMs Wall-clock time this frame was analyzed, in milliseconds.
+     */
+    fun onFrame(landmarks: Map<Int, SmoothedLandmark>, angles: PoseAngles, timestampMs: Long) {
+        val smoothedAnkleHip = ankleHipSmoother.smooth(landmarks)
+        val frame = buildPoseFrame(
+            timestampMs = timestampMs,
+            landmarks = landmarks,
+            smoothedAnkleHip = smoothedAnkleHip,
+            angles = angles
+        )
+        poseFrameBuffer.add(frame)
+
+        val result = liveStepDetector.update(frame)
+        if (result.wasReset) {
+            _stepEvents.value = emptyList()
+        }
+        if (result.newSteps.isNotEmpty()) {
+            _stepEvents.value = _stepEvents.value + result.newSteps
+        }
+        _handRaiseProgress.value = result.handRaiseProgress
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * @brief Clears all buffering/detection state and rebuilds the step
+     *        detector from [settings]; call when a new recording starts.
+     * @param settings Tuning parameters to build this session's [LiveStepDetector] with.
+     */
+    fun startNewSession(settings: DetectorSettings = DetectorSettings.DEFAULT) {
+        poseFrameBuffer.clear()
+        ankleHipSmoother.reset()
+        liveStepDetector = LiveStepDetector(
+            minSpacingMs = settings.minSpacingMs,
+            minProminenceRatio = settings.minProminenceRatio,
+            maxFrameJumpRatio = settings.maxFrameJumpRatio,
+            handRaiseHoldMs = settings.handRaiseHoldMs,
+            handRaiseMarginRatio = settings.handRaiseMarginRatio
+        )
+        _stepEvents.value = emptyList()
+        _handRaiseProgress.value = 0f
+    }
+}

app/src/main/res/drawable/shape_step_counter_card.xml

@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
+<shape xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
+    android:shape="rectangle">
+    <solid android:color="@color/overlay_scrim" />
+    <corners android:radius="16dp" />
+    <stroke android:width="2dp" android:color="@color/step_counter_accent" />
+</shape>

app/src/main/res/layout-land/activity_bowling_camera.xml

@@ -72,18 +72,87 @@
             android:textColor="@color/white"
             android:textSize="16sp"
             android:fontFamily="monospace" />
+    </LinearLayout>
+
+    <!-- Live step counter: see the portrait layout's copy of this view for
+         the full rationale. Same IDs, centered top here too since
+         landscape's top edge is otherwise clear (buttons moved to the side
+         column below). -->
+    <LinearLayout
+        android:id="@+id/card_step_counter"
+        android:layout_width="wrap_content"
+        android:layout_height="wrap_content"
+        android:layout_marginTop="72dp"
+        android:orientation="vertical"
+        android:gravity="center"
+        android:background="@drawable/shape_step_counter_card"
+        android:paddingHorizontal="24dp"
+        android:paddingVertical="8dp"
+        android:visibility="gone"
+        tools:visibility="visible"
+        app:layout_constraintTop_toTopOf="parent"
+        app:layout_constraintStart_toStartOf="parent"
+        app:layout_constraintEnd_toEndOf="parent">
 
-        <!-- Live step counter, resets to 0 when the bowler returns to a
-             stationary starting stance mid-recording (see LiveStepDetector). -->
         <TextView
-            android:id="@+id/text_step_count"
+            android:id="@+id/text_step_count_big"
             android:layout_width="wrap_content"
             android:layout_height="wrap_content"
-            android:layout_marginStart="16dp"
+            android:text="@string/step_count_big_placeholder"
-            android:text="@string/step_count_placeholder"
             android:textColor="@color/white"
-            android:textSize="16sp"
+            android:textSize="40sp"
             android:textStyle="bold" />
+
+        <TextView
+            android:layout_width="wrap_content"
+            android:layout_height="wrap_content"
+            android:text="@string/step_counter_label"
+            android:textColor="@color/step_counter_accent"
+            android:textSize="12sp"
+            android:letterSpacing="0.15"
+            android:textStyle="bold" />
+    </LinearLayout>
+
+    <!-- Hold-to-reset gesture: see the portrait layout's copy for the full
+         rationale. Bottom-center of the whole screen here instead of above
+         switch_pose, since landscape's buttons sit in a side column rather
+         than a bottom bar. -->
+    <LinearLayout
+        android:id="@+id/layout_reset_hint"
+        android:layout_width="wrap_content"
+        android:layout_height="wrap_content"
+        android:layout_marginBottom="16dp"
+        android:orientation="horizontal"
+        android:gravity="center_vertical"
+        android:background="@color/overlay_scrim"
+        android:paddingHorizontal="12dp"
+        android:paddingVertical="6dp"
+        android:visibility="gone"
+        tools:visibility="visible"
+        app:layout_constraintBottom_toBottomOf="parent"
+        app:layout_constraintStart_toStartOf="parent"
+        app:layout_constraintEnd_toEndOf="parent">
+
+        <com.google.android.material.progressindicator.CircularProgressIndicator
+            android:id="@+id/progress_hand_raise"
+            android:layout_width="20dp"
+            android:layout_height="20dp"
+            android:indeterminate="false"
+            android:max="100"
+            android:progress="0"
+            app:indicatorSize="20dp"
+            app:trackThickness="3dp"
+            app:indicatorColor="@color/step_counter_accent"
+            app:trackColor="@color/white" />
+
+        <TextView
+            android:id="@+id/text_reset_hint"
+            android:layout_width="wrap_content"
+            android:layout_height="wrap_content"
+            android:layout_marginStart="8dp"
+            android:text="@string/reset_hint_idle"
+            android:textColor="@color/white"
+            android:textSize="13sp" />
     </LinearLayout>
 
     <!-- Delivery-phase feedback (e.g. "Starting stance"), separate from the
@@ -167,6 +236,17 @@
         app:layout_constraintBottom_toTopOf="@id/btn_record"
         app:layout_constraintEnd_toEndOf="@id/btn_record" />
 
+    <!-- Opens ParameterEditorActivity: see the portrait layout's copy
+         for the full rationale. Above btn_switch_camera in the same
+         column, only shown while Idle. -->
+    <Button
+        android:id="@+id/btn_editor"
+        android:layout_width="wrap_content"
+        android:layout_height="wrap_content"
+        android:layout_marginBottom="8dp"
+        android:text="@string/editor_button"
+        app:layout_constraintBottom_toTopOf="@id/btn_switch_camera"
+        app:layout_constraintEnd_toEndOf="@id/btn_record" />
     <!--    to only show when recording-->
     <Button
         android:id="@+id/btn_show_step"

app/src/main/res/layout/activity_bowling_camera.xml

@@ -71,18 +71,88 @@
             android:textColor="@color/white"
             android:textSize="16sp"
             android:fontFamily="monospace" />
+    </LinearLayout>
+
+    <!-- Live step counter: large and centered near the top so it's readable
+         at a glance mid-approach, unlike the small text this replaced.
+         Visibility tracks recording state the same as
+         layout_recording_indicator (see BowlingCameraActivity#renderRecordingState). -->
+    <LinearLayout
+        android:id="@+id/card_step_counter"
+        android:layout_width="wrap_content"
+        android:layout_height="wrap_content"
+        android:layout_marginTop="72dp"
+        android:orientation="vertical"
+        android:gravity="center"
+        android:background="@drawable/shape_step_counter_card"
+        android:paddingHorizontal="24dp"
+        android:paddingVertical="8dp"
+        android:visibility="gone"
+        tools:visibility="visible"
+        app:layout_constraintTop_toTopOf="parent"
+        app:layout_constraintStart_toStartOf="parent"
+        app:layout_constraintEnd_toEndOf="parent">
 
-        <!-- Live step counter, resets to 0 when the bowler returns to a
-             stationary starting stance mid-recording (see LiveStepDetector). -->
         <TextView
-            android:id="@+id/text_step_count"
+            android:id="@+id/text_step_count_big"
             android:layout_width="wrap_content"
             android:layout_height="wrap_content"
-            android:layout_marginStart="16dp"
+            android:text="@string/step_count_big_placeholder"
-            android:text="@string/step_count_placeholder"
             android:textColor="@color/white"
-            android:textSize="16sp"
+            android:textSize="40sp"
             android:textStyle="bold" />
+
+        <TextView
+            android:layout_width="wrap_content"
+            android:layout_height="wrap_content"
+            android:text="@string/step_counter_label"
+            android:textColor="@color/step_counter_accent"
+            android:textSize="12sp"
+            android:letterSpacing="0.15"
+            android:textStyle="bold" />
+    </LinearLayout>
+
+    <!-- Hold-to-reset gesture: always visible while recording so the
+         mechanism is discoverable (see LiveStepDetector's class doc for why
+         this replaced an automatic stillness-based reset), not just once
+         the bowler is mid-gesture. Text and progress both driven by
+         CameraViewModel.handRaiseProgress. -->
+    <LinearLayout
+        android:id="@+id/layout_reset_hint"
+        android:layout_width="wrap_content"
+        android:layout_height="wrap_content"
+        android:layout_marginBottom="12dp"
+        android:orientation="horizontal"
+        android:gravity="center_vertical"
+        android:background="@color/overlay_scrim"
+        android:paddingHorizontal="12dp"
+        android:paddingVertical="6dp"
+        android:visibility="gone"
+        tools:visibility="visible"
+        app:layout_constraintBottom_toTopOf="@id/switch_pose"
+        app:layout_constraintStart_toStartOf="parent"
+        app:layout_constraintEnd_toEndOf="parent">
+
+        <com.google.android.material.progressindicator.CircularProgressIndicator
+            android:id="@+id/progress_hand_raise"
+            android:layout_width="20dp"
+            android:layout_height="20dp"
+            android:indeterminate="false"
+            android:max="100"
+            android:progress="0"
+            app:indicatorSize="20dp"
+            app:trackThickness="3dp"
+            app:indicatorColor="@color/step_counter_accent"
+            app:trackColor="@color/white" />
+
+        <TextView
+            android:id="@+id/text_reset_hint"
+            android:layout_width="wrap_content"
+            android:layout_height="wrap_content"
+            android:layout_marginStart="8dp"
+            android:text="@string/reset_hint_idle"
+            android:textColor="@color/white"
+            android:textSize="13sp" />
     </LinearLayout>
 
     <!-- Delivery-phase feedback (e.g. "Starting stance"), separate from the
@@ -176,6 +246,19 @@
         app:layout_constraintTop_toTopOf="parent"
         app:layout_constraintEnd_toEndOf="parent" />
 
+    <!-- Opens ParameterEditorActivity: only meaningful between recordings
+         (see ParameterEditorActivity's class doc; a save is picked up by
+         the *next* recording), so only shown while Idle. -->
+    <Button
+        android:id="@+id/btn_editor"
+        android:layout_width="wrap_content"
+        android:layout_height="wrap_content"
+        android:layout_marginTop="8dp"
+        android:layout_marginEnd="16dp"
+        android:text="@string/editor_button"
+        app:layout_constraintTop_toBottomOf="@id/btn_switch_camera"
+        app:layout_constraintEnd_toEndOf="parent" />
+
     <!-- Shown instead of the camera UI when CAMERA/RECORD_AUDIO aren't granted -->
     <LinearLayout
         android:id="@+id/layout_permission_rationale"

app/src/main/res/layout/activity_parameter_editor.xml

@@ -0,0 +1,164 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
+<!--
+  Simple scrollable form for tuning LiveStepDetector's parameters live,
+  without a rebuild; see ParameterEditorActivity's class doc. Utilitarian
+  by design (plain TextInputLayout fields, no fancy styling) since this is
+  a testing/tuning tool, not an end-user settings screen.
+-->
+<ScrollView
+    xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
+    xmlns:app="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res-auto"
+    android:layout_width="match_parent"
+    android:layout_height="match_parent"
+    android:background="@color/black"
+    android:fillViewport="true">
+
+    <LinearLayout
+        android:layout_width="match_parent"
+        android:layout_height="wrap_content"
+        android:orientation="vertical"
+        android:padding="24dp">
+
+        <TextView
+            android:layout_width="wrap_content"
+            android:layout_height="wrap_content"
+            android:text="@string/editor_title"
+            android:textColor="@color/white"
+            android:textSize="22sp"
+            android:textStyle="bold"
+            android:layout_marginBottom="4dp" />
+
+        <TextView
+            android:layout_width="wrap_content"
+            android:layout_height="wrap_content"
+            android:text="@string/editor_subtitle"
+            android:textColor="@color/white"
+            android:textSize="13sp"
+            android:layout_marginBottom="20dp" />
+
+        <com.google.android.material.textfield.TextInputLayout
+            android:id="@+id/field_min_spacing_ms"
+            style="@style/Widget.MaterialComponents.TextInputLayout.OutlinedBox"
+            android:layout_width="match_parent"
+            android:layout_height="wrap_content"
+            android:hint="@string/editor_min_spacing_label"
+            app:helperText="@string/editor_min_spacing_help"
+            app:helperTextEnabled="true"
+            app:boxStrokeColor="@color/step_counter_accent"
+            app:hintTextColor="@color/step_counter_accent">
+
+            <com.google.android.material.textfield.TextInputEditText
+                android:layout_width="match_parent"
+                android:layout_height="wrap_content"
+                android:inputType="number"
+                android:textColor="@color/white" />
+        </com.google.android.material.textfield.TextInputLayout>
+
+        <com.google.android.material.textfield.TextInputLayout
+            android:id="@+id/field_min_prominence_ratio"
+            style="@style/Widget.MaterialComponents.TextInputLayout.OutlinedBox"
+            android:layout_width="match_parent"
+            android:layout_height="wrap_content"
+            android:layout_marginTop="16dp"
+            android:hint="@string/editor_prominence_label"
+            app:helperText="@string/editor_prominence_help"
+            app:helperTextEnabled="true"
+            app:boxStrokeColor="@color/step_counter_accent"
+            app:hintTextColor="@color/step_counter_accent">
+
+            <com.google.android.material.textfield.TextInputEditText
+                android:layout_width="match_parent"
+                android:layout_height="wrap_content"
+                android:inputType="numberDecimal"
+                android:textColor="@color/white" />
+        </com.google.android.material.textfield.TextInputLayout>
+
+        <com.google.android.material.textfield.TextInputLayout
+            android:id="@+id/field_max_frame_jump_ratio"
+            style="@style/Widget.MaterialComponents.TextInputLayout.OutlinedBox"
+            android:layout_width="match_parent"
+            android:layout_height="wrap_content"
+            android:layout_marginTop="16dp"
+            android:hint="@string/editor_jump_ratio_label"
+            app:helperText="@string/editor_jump_ratio_help"
+            app:helperTextEnabled="true"
+            app:boxStrokeColor="@color/step_counter_accent"
+            app:hintTextColor="@color/step_counter_accent">
+
+            <com.google.android.material.textfield.TextInputEditText
+                android:layout_width="match_parent"
+                android:layout_height="wrap_content"
+                android:inputType="numberDecimal"
+                android:textColor="@color/white" />
+        </com.google.android.material.textfield.TextInputLayout>
+
+        <com.google.android.material.textfield.TextInputLayout
+            android:id="@+id/field_hand_raise_hold_ms"
+            style="@style/Widget.MaterialComponents.TextInputLayout.OutlinedBox"
+            android:layout_width="match_parent"
+            android:layout_height="wrap_content"
+            android:layout_marginTop="16dp"
+            android:hint="@string/editor_hold_ms_label"
+            app:helperText="@string/editor_hold_ms_help"
+            app:helperTextEnabled="true"
+            app:boxStrokeColor="@color/step_counter_accent"
+            app:hintTextColor="@color/step_counter_accent">
+
+            <com.google.android.material.textfield.TextInputEditText
+                android:layout_width="match_parent"
+                android:layout_height="wrap_content"
+                android:inputType="number"
+                android:textColor="@color/white" />
+        </com.google.android.material.textfield.TextInputLayout>
+
+        <com.google.android.material.textfield.TextInputLayout
+            android:id="@+id/field_hand_raise_margin_ratio"
+            style="@style/Widget.MaterialComponents.TextInputLayout.OutlinedBox"
+            android:layout_width="match_parent"
+            android:layout_height="wrap_content"
+            android:layout_marginTop="16dp"
+            android:hint="@string/editor_margin_ratio_label"
+            app:helperText="@string/editor_margin_ratio_help"
+            app:helperTextEnabled="true"
+            app:boxStrokeColor="@color/step_counter_accent"
+            app:hintTextColor="@color/step_counter_accent">
+
+            <com.google.android.material.textfield.TextInputEditText
+                android:layout_width="match_parent"
+                android:layout_height="wrap_content"
+                android:inputType="numberDecimal"
+                android:textColor="@color/white" />
+        </com.google.android.material.textfield.TextInputLayout>
+
+        <LinearLayout
+            android:layout_width="match_parent"
+            android:layout_height="wrap_content"
+            android:orientation="horizontal"
+            android:layout_marginTop="28dp">
+
+            <Button
+                android:id="@+id/btn_reset_defaults"
+                android:layout_width="0dp"
+                android:layout_height="wrap_content"
+                android:layout_weight="1"
+                android:layout_marginEnd="8dp"
+                android:text="@string/editor_reset_defaults" />
+
+            <Button
+                android:id="@+id/btn_save"
+                android:layout_width="0dp"
+                android:layout_height="wrap_content"
+                android:layout_weight="1"
+                android:layout_marginStart="8dp"
+                android:text="@string/editor_save" />
+        </LinearLayout>
+
+        <Button
+            android:id="@+id/btn_editor_back"
+            android:layout_width="wrap_content"
+            android:layout_height="wrap_content"
+            android:layout_marginTop="16dp"
+            android:text="@string/back" />
+
+    </LinearLayout>
+</ScrollView>

app/src/main/res/values/colors.xml

@@ -13,6 +13,7 @@
     <color name="skeleton_joint">#FF00E5FF</color>
     <color name="skeleton_bone">#FF76FF03</color>
     <color name="overlay_scrim">#99000000</color>
+    <color name="step_counter_accent">#FF03DAC5</color>
     <color name="Starting_stance_waiting">#CC00C853</color> //green
     <color name="Starting_stance_ready">#CCFFA000</color> //orange
     <color name="Approach_ready">#CC2196F3</color> //blue

app/src/main/res/values/strings.xml

@@ -11,21 +11,47 @@
     <string name="stop_recording">Stop recording</string>
     <string name="switch_camera">Switch camera</string>
     <string name="back">Back</string>
-    <string name="switch_camera_while_recording">Stop recording before switching cameras</string>
     <string name="recording_timer_placeholder">00:00</string>
-    <string name="step_count_placeholder">Step 0</string>
+    <string name="step_count_big_placeholder">0</string>
-    <string name="step_count_format">Step %1$d</string>
+    <string name="step_counter_label">STEPS</string>
+    <string name="reset_hint_idle">✋ Raise a hand, hold 5s to reset</string>
+    <string name="reset_hint_holding">Keep holding… %1$d%%</string>
     <string name="error_camera_unavailable">Camera unavailable: %1$s</string>
     <string name="error_recording_failed">Recording failed: %1$s</string>
     <string name="error_pose_detector">Pose detector error: %1$s</string>
-    <string name="pose_phase_starting_stance">Starting pose</string>
+    <string name="editor_button">Tuning</string>
+    <string name="admin_login_title">Admin login</string>
+    <string name="admin_login_message">Enter the admin password to access tuning settings.</string>
+    <string name="admin_password_hint">Password</string>
+    <string name="admin_login_confirm">Log in</string>
+    <string name="admin_login_cancel">Cancel</string>
+    <string name="admin_login_failed">Incorrect password — staying in normal user mode.</string>
+
+    <!-- Parameter editor screen -->
+    <string name="editor_title">Step Detection Tuning</string>
+    <string name="editor_subtitle">Changes apply the next time you start a recording.</string>
+    <string name="editor_min_spacing_label">Min spacing between steps (ms)</string>
+    <string name="editor_min_spacing_help">Minimum time between two counted steps on the same foot. Default 300.</string>
+    <string name="editor_prominence_label">Step prominence ratio</string>
+    <string name="editor_prominence_help">How far a foot must move (as a fraction of torso size) to count as a step. Default 0.15.</string>
+    <string name="editor_jump_ratio_label">Max frame jump ratio</string>
+    <string name="editor_jump_ratio_help">Largest single-frame ankle movement trusted as real motion vs. a tracking glitch, as a fraction of torso size. Default 0.25.</string>
+    <string name="editor_hold_ms_label">Reset hold duration (ms)</string>
+    <string name="editor_hold_ms_help">How long a hand must stay raised to trigger a reset. Default 5000.</string>
+    <string name="editor_margin_ratio_label">Raise height ratio</string>
+    <string name="editor_margin_ratio_help">How far above the shoulder a wrist must reach to count as raised, as a fraction of torso size. Default 0.05.</string>
+    <string name="editor_reset_defaults">Reset to defaults</string>
+    <string name="editor_save">Save</string>
+    <string name="editor_saved_toast">Settings saved</string>
+    <string name="editor_invalid_value_toast">Enter a valid number for every field</string>
+    <string name="pose_phase_starting_stance">Starting Stance</string>
+    <string name="pose_phase_waiting">Waiting for stance…</string>
+    <string name="first_step">Step 1</string>
+    <string name="second_step">Step 2</string>
+    <string name="third_step">Step 3</string>
+    <string name="fourth_step">Step 4</string>
+    <string name="end_position">End Position</string>
     <string name="pose_phase_approach">Approach</string>
     <string name="pose_phase_pushaway">Pushaway</string>
-    <string name="pose_phase_waiting">Get into pose</string>
+    <string name="pose_metrics_format">Torso: %1$s | L Knee: %2$s | R Knee: %3$s | L Elbow: %4$s | R Elbow: %5$s</string>
-    <string name="pose_metrics_format">Torso %1$s · Knee L%2$s R%3$s · Elbow L%4$s R%5$s</string>
-    <string name="first_step">1st Step</string>
-    <string name="second_step">2nd Step</string>
-    <string name="third_step">3rd Step</string>
-    <string name="fourth_step">4th Step</string>
-    <string name="end_position">Ending Position</string>
 </resources>

app/src/test/java/com/example/jnicpp/bowling/LiveStepDetectorTest.kt

@@ -0,0 +1,355 @@
+package com.example.jnicpp.bowling
+
+import org.junit.Assert.assertEquals
+import org.junit.Assert.assertFalse
+import org.junit.Test
+
+class LiveStepDetectorTest {
+
+    private val shoulder = LandmarkPoint(400f, 500f)
+    private val noAngles = PoseAngles(null, null, null, null)
+
+    private fun frame(
+        t: Long,
+        ankleL: Float,
+        ankleR: Float,
+        hipX: Float,
+        hipY: Float,
+        leftWristY: Float? = null
+    ) = PoseFrame(
+        timestampMs = t,
+        leftAnkle = null,
+        rightAnkle = null,
+        leftAnkleRaw = LandmarkPoint(390f, ankleL),
+        rightAnkleRaw = LandmarkPoint(410f, ankleR),
+        leftKnee = null,
+        rightKnee = null,
+        leftHip = null,
+        rightHip = null,
+        leftHipRaw = LandmarkPoint(hipX, hipY),
+        rightHipRaw = null,
+        leftShoulder = shoulder,
+        rightShoulder = null,
+        leftElbow = null,
+        rightElbow = null,
+        leftWrist = leftWristY?.let { LandmarkPoint(390f, it) },
+        rightWrist = null,
+        angles = noAngles
+    )
+
+    /**
+     * Reproduces the failure seen on a real device recording: a run of
+     * bit-identical pose frames (a stalled camera/analysis pipeline, not a
+     * stationary bowler) landing right after real steps were counted.
+     * Before the isStalledFrame fix, the (since-replaced) automatic
+     * stillness-based reset read that frozen run as a held "ready" stance
+     * and wiped the count back to zero.
+     */
+    @Test
+    fun stalledFramesDoNotResetAnInProgressCount() {
+        val detector = LiveStepDetector()
+
+        // Left-foot step: rising, peak, falling -- confirms on the 3rd call.
+        // Amplitude (60px) is comfortably above the 45px prominence
+        // threshold at this torsoScale (~300) but stays under the outlier
+        // gate's 75px single-frame cutoff (maxFrameJumpRatio 0.25 * 300),
+        // since these three frames are a simplified stand-in for what a
+        // real footfall spreads across several -- see
+        // gradualPeakOnAPlateauIsDetected for the shape that actually
+        // reaches the detector in production.
+        detector.update(frame(0, ankleL = 1000f, ankleR = 700f, hipX = 400f, hipY = 800f))
+        detector.update(frame(50, ankleL = 1060f, ankleR = 700f, hipX = 402f, hipY = 802f))
+        var result = detector.update(frame(100, ankleL = 1000f, ankleR = 700f, hipX = 405f, hipY = 805f))
+        assertEquals(1, result.stepCount)
+
+        // Right-foot step, past the 300ms refractory window.
+        detector.update(frame(350, ankleL = 1000f, ankleR = 700f, hipX = 410f, hipY = 810f))
+        detector.update(frame(400, ankleL = 1000f, ankleR = 760f, hipX = 415f, hipY = 815f))
+        result = detector.update(frame(450, ankleL = 1000f, ankleR = 700f, hipX = 420f, hipY = 820f))
+        assertEquals(2, result.stepCount)
+
+        // Pipeline stall: the exact same frame re-delivered for 700ms,
+        // well past the 600ms default stillness window.
+        val frozen = frame(500, ankleL = 1000f, ankleR = 700f, hipX = 420f, hipY = 820f)
+        for (t in longArrayOf(500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000, 1100, 1200)) {
+            result = detector.update(frozen.copy(timestampMs = t))
+            assertFalse("frame at t=$t should not read as a held stance", result.wasReset)
+        }
+
+        assertEquals(2, result.stepCount)
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * The reset gesture: raising a wrist above its shoulder (past
+     * handRaiseMarginRatio's margin -- 15px at this test's torsoScale of
+     * 300) and holding it there for the full handRaiseHoldMs (5000ms
+     * default) should reset the count to zero. Ankle/hip carry the same
+     * small per-frame jitter as stalledFramesDoNotResetAnInProgressCount's
+     * frozen-frame check needs to *not* trigger on, since only the
+     * ankle/hip fields feed isStalledFrame -- the wrist itself can safely
+     * stay perfectly constant.
+     */
+    @Test
+    fun handRaiseHeldForFullDurationResets() {
+        val detector = LiveStepDetector()
+
+        // Amplitude 60px -- see the comment in stalledFramesDoNotResetAnInProgressCount.
+        detector.update(frame(0, ankleL = 1000f, ankleR = 700f, hipX = 400f, hipY = 800f))
+        detector.update(frame(50, ankleL = 1060f, ankleR = 700f, hipX = 402f, hipY = 802f))
+        val afterStep = detector.update(frame(100, ankleL = 1000f, ankleR = 700f, hipX = 405f, hipY = 805f))
+        assertEquals(1, afterStep.stepCount)
+
+        var result = afterStep
+        var sawReset = false
+        var y = 805f
+        var t = 150L
+        // Holds a raised left wrist (y=300, well past the 500-15=485
+        // threshold) continuously from t=150 through past the 5000ms hold
+        // requirement.
+        while (t <= 5300L) {
+            y += if ((t / 200L) % 2L == 0L) 0.3f else -0.3f
+            result = detector.update(
+                frame(t, ankleL = 1000f + (y - 805f), ankleR = 700f, hipX = 405f, hipY = y, leftWristY = 300f)
+            )
+            if (result.wasReset) sawReset = true
+            t += 200L
+        }
+
+        assertEquals("holding the raised-hand gesture for the full duration should reset", true, sawReset)
+        assertEquals(0, result.stepCount)
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Control case for the same gesture: raising a hand but dropping it
+     * before the hold duration completes should never reset, even after
+     * recording continues well past when the original hold would have
+     * finished -- a drop restarts the hold from zero rather than pausing
+     * and resuming it.
+     */
+    @Test
+    fun droppingHandBeforeFullDurationNeverResets() {
+        val detector = LiveStepDetector()
+
+        detector.update(frame(0, ankleL = 1000f, ankleR = 700f, hipX = 400f, hipY = 800f))
+        detector.update(frame(50, ankleL = 1060f, ankleR = 700f, hipX = 402f, hipY = 802f))
+        val afterStep = detector.update(frame(100, ankleL = 1000f, ankleR = 700f, hipX = 405f, hipY = 805f))
+        assertEquals(1, afterStep.stepCount)
+
+        var result = afterStep
+        var y = 805f
+        var t = 150L
+        // Raise for 2s, well under the 5s hold requirement.
+        while (t <= 2100L) {
+            y += if ((t / 200L) % 2L == 0L) 0.3f else -0.3f
+            result = detector.update(
+                frame(t, ankleL = 1000f + (y - 805f), ankleR = 700f, hipX = 405f, hipY = y, leftWristY = 300f)
+            )
+            t += 200L
+        }
+        // Drop the hand and keep recording for 4s more -- past where the
+        // original hold would have completed at t=5150.
+        while (t <= 6200L) {
+            y += if ((t / 200L) % 2L == 0L) 0.3f else -0.3f
+            result = detector.update(frame(t, ankleL = 1000f + (y - 805f), ankleR = 700f, hipX = 405f, hipY = y))
+            t += 200L
+        }
+
+        assertEquals(false, result.wasReset)
+        assertEquals(1, result.stepCount)
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Reproduces the real failure found on a device recording: the bowler
+     * held the gesture for 4.35 of the required 5 seconds (progress
+     * climbing perfectly smoothly the whole way, so this was a genuine,
+     * deliberate hold, not jitter), then one frame read as "not raised" --
+     * a natural arm wobble, not a dropped attempt -- and progress fell
+     * straight back to zero. That happened on every one of five attempts
+     * in that recording; none ever completed. A brief drop (under the
+     * 500ms default grace period) should no longer restart the hold.
+     */
+    @Test
+    fun briefDropDuringHoldDoesNotResetProgress() {
+        val detector = LiveStepDetector()
+
+        detector.update(frame(0, ankleL = 1000f, ankleR = 700f, hipX = 400f, hipY = 800f))
+        detector.update(frame(50, ankleL = 1060f, ankleR = 700f, hipX = 402f, hipY = 802f))
+        val afterStep = detector.update(frame(100, ankleL = 1000f, ankleR = 700f, hipX = 405f, hipY = 805f))
+        assertEquals(1, afterStep.stepCount)
+
+        var result = afterStep
+        var y = 805f
+        var t = 150L
+        // Hold for 2s.
+        while (t <= 2100L) {
+            y += if ((t / 200L) % 2L == 0L) 0.3f else -0.3f
+            result = detector.update(
+                frame(t, ankleL = 1000f + (y - 805f), ankleR = 700f, hipX = 405f, hipY = y, leftWristY = 300f)
+            )
+            t += 200L
+        }
+        // One frame's momentary dip -- hand reads as not-raised for a
+        // single 200ms tick, well inside the 500ms grace period.
+        y += 0.3f
+        result = detector.update(frame(t, ankleL = 1000f + (y - 805f), ankleR = 700f, hipX = 405f, hipY = y))
+        t += 200L
+
+        var sawReset = false
+        // Resume raising and continue through the full hold duration.
+        while (t <= 5300L) {
+            y += if ((t / 200L) % 2L == 0L) 0.3f else -0.3f
+            result = detector.update(
+                frame(t, ankleL = 1000f + (y - 805f), ankleR = 700f, hipX = 405f, hipY = y, leftWristY = 300f)
+            )
+            if (result.wasReset) sawReset = true
+            t += 200L
+        }
+
+        assertEquals("a brief drop within the grace period should not restart the hold", true, sawReset)
+        assertEquals(0, result.stepCount)
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Reproduces the real gap found by replaying an actual device recording
+     * against the detector: a genuine footfall doesn't peak as a single
+     * sharp frame, it climbs to a noisy plateau and holds there for many
+     * frames before descending. A peak check that only ever compares a
+     * sample to its immediate left/right neighbor sees near-zero prominence
+     * across that whole plateau and never confirms, even though the true
+     * peak is 100px above the surrounding valleys (well past the 45px
+     * threshold at this torsoScale). torsoScale here is a fixed 300
+     * (shoulder(400,500)/hip(400,800)), so minProminenceRatio's default
+     * 0.15 gives a 45px threshold.
+     */
+    @Test
+    fun gradualPeakOnAPlateauIsDetected() {
+        val detector = LiveStepDetector()
+
+        // First step: rise to ~600-601, hold on a noisy plateau, descend.
+        val firstCycle = listOf(
+            0L to 500f, 30L to 520f, 60L to 540f, 90L to 560f, 120L to 580f, 150L to 600f,
+            180L to 601f, 210L to 599f, 240L to 600f, 270L to 601f, 300L to 599f, 330L to 600f,
+            360L to 580f, 390L to 560f, 420L to 540f, 450L to 520f, 480L to 500f
+        )
+        var result = LiveStepDetector.Result(0, emptyList(), false, 0f)
+        // Hip drifts steadily throughout (a real bowler's hip keeps moving
+        // during the approach) -- constant hip position would itself read
+        // as a held "ready" stance once enough time elapses and wipe out
+        // the very step this test is confirming, before the assertion below
+        // even runs.
+        for ((t, y) in firstCycle) {
+            result = detector.update(frame(t, ankleL = y, ankleR = 700f, hipX = 400f, hipY = 800f + t * 0.05f))
+        }
+        assertEquals("plateaued peak should confirm as a step", 1, result.stepCount)
+
+        // Second step, same shape, well past the refractory window.
+        val secondCycle = listOf(
+            510L to 500f, 540L to 501f, 570L to 499f, 600L to 520f, 630L to 540f, 660L to 560f,
+            690L to 580f, 720L to 600f, 750L to 601f, 780L to 599f, 810L to 600f, 840L to 601f,
+            870L to 599f, 900L to 600f, 930L to 580f, 960L to 560f, 990L to 540f
+        )
+        for ((t, y) in secondCycle) {
+            result = detector.update(frame(t, ankleL = y, ankleR = 700f, hipX = 400f, hipY = 800f + t * 0.05f))
+        }
+        assertEquals("second plateaued peak should also confirm", 2, result.stepCount)
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Control case for the same fix: pure jitter that never moves more than
+     * a few pixels from baseline (well under the 45px threshold at this
+     * torsoScale) should never be read as a step, however long it runs --
+     * the running-extremum tracker isn't just trigger-happy on any wiggle.
+     */
+    @Test
+    fun jitterBelowThresholdNeverConfirms() {
+        val detector = LiveStepDetector()
+
+        var result = LiveStepDetector.Result(0, emptyList(), false, 0f)
+        var y = 600f
+        var t = 0L
+        val deltas = floatArrayOf(3f, -5f, 2f, -1f, 6f, -4f, 1f, -2f, 4f, -3f)
+        for (i in 0 until 60) {
+            y = 600f + deltas[i % deltas.size]
+            result = detector.update(frame(t, ankleL = y, ankleR = 700f, hipX = 400f, hipY = 800f))
+            t += 30L
+        }
+
+        assertEquals(0, result.stepCount)
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Reproduces the over-counting bug found on a real device trace where
+     * the bowler's torso scale was ~45-79px (small/distant subject in
+     * frame) rather than the ~300px used elsewhere in this file: single-frame
+     * ankle-y jumps of 15-88px showed up dozens of times in that trace --
+     * physically implausible movement in one ~30-60ms frame at that scale
+     * -- and each got read as its own step, running the live counter to 27
+     * "steps" in 24 seconds of a recording with 5 real steps. A prominence
+     * floor can't fix this: that same recording's genuine footfalls had as
+     * little as ~10-12px of prominence, smaller than the glitch jumps
+     * themselves, so no fixed threshold can separate the two by amplitude
+     * alone -- confirmed separately by replaying both a floored and an
+     * unfloored threshold against a clean reference recording with a known
+     * step count, where flooring high enough to reject the glitch jumps
+     * also rejected 4 of the 5 real steps. The actual fix instead rejects
+     * any one frame whose ankle-y moved further than maxFrameJumpRatio *
+     * torsoScale since the last *trusted* reading, before it ever reaches
+     * the peak tracker.
+     */
+    @Test
+    fun implausibleSingleFrameJumpNeverConfirms() {
+        val detector = LiveStepDetector()
+        // shoulder is fixed at (400,500) -- see frame() -- so hipY=455
+        // gives a shoulder-to-hip distance of 45, matching the real trace's
+        // median torsoScale. maxFrameJumpRatio defaults to 0.25, so
+        // anything over 11.25px in one frame from the last trusted reading
+        // gets rejected outright.
+        val hipY = 455f
+
+        var result = LiveStepDetector.Result(0, emptyList(), false, 0f)
+        var t = 0L
+        // Establish a trusted baseline.
+        result = detector.update(frame(t, ankleL = 400f, ankleR = 700f, hipX = 400f, hipY = hipY))
+        t += 30L
+        result = detector.update(frame(t, ankleL = 402f, ankleR = 700f, hipX = 400f, hipY = hipY))
+        t += 30L
+
+        // A single implausible spike -- 80px in one frame -- then straight
+        // back. Before the outlier gate, this pair alone was enough to
+        // read as a confirmed peak: the spike became the running high, and
+        // the drop right back down cleared the (much smaller) ratio-only
+        // prominence threshold at this torso scale.
+        result = detector.update(frame(t, ankleL = 482f, ankleR = 700f, hipX = 400f, hipY = hipY))
+        t += 30L
+        result = detector.update(frame(t, ankleL = 403f, ankleR = 700f, hipX = 400f, hipY = hipY))
+        t += 30L
+
+        assertEquals("an implausible single-frame jump should never read as a step", 0, result.stepCount)
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Control case for the same fix: genuine motion at the same small
+     * torso scale, arriving gradually (each frame's move well within
+     * maxFrameJumpRatio) rather than as one implausible jump, should still
+     * confirm -- the outlier gate isn't just disabling small-scale
+     * detection outright.
+     */
+    @Test
+    fun gradualMotionAtSmallTorsoScaleStillConfirms() {
+        val detector = LiveStepDetector()
+        val hipY = 455f // torsoScale = 45, same as the test above.
+
+        var result = LiveStepDetector.Result(0, emptyList(), false, 0f)
+        var t = 0L
+        // Rises from 400 to 460 in 10px steps (well under the 11.25px
+        // per-frame outlier cutoff), holds, then descends the same way --
+        // a 60px prominence, comfortably past the 6.75px ratio threshold.
+        val path = listOf(400f, 410f, 420f, 430f, 440f, 450f, 460f, 450f, 440f, 430f, 420f, 410f, 400f)
+        for (y in path) {
+            result = detector.update(frame(t, ankleL = y, ankleR = 700f, hipX = 400f, hipY = hipY))
+            t += 30L
+        }
+
+        assertEquals("gradual real motion at small torso scale should still confirm", 1, result.stepCount)
+    }
+}